Vojne kampanje Napoleona d Chandlera fb2. Chandler, David - Napoleonovi pohodi: trijumf i tragedija osvajača. Približna pretraga riječi

Da biste suzili rezultate pretraživanja, možete precizirati upit navođenjem polja za pretraživanje. Lista polja je prikazana iznad. Na primjer:

Možete pretraživati ​​u više polja istovremeno:

logički operatori

Zadani operator je I.
Operater I znači da dokument mora odgovarati svim elementima u grupi:

istraživanje i razvoj

Operater ILI znači da dokument mora odgovarati jednoj od vrijednosti u grupi:

studija ILI razvoj

Operater NE isključuje dokumente koji sadrže ovaj element:

studija NE razvoj

Vrsta pretrage

Kada pišete upit, možete odrediti način na koji će se fraza tražiti. Podržane su četiri metode: pretraživanje na osnovu morfologije, bez morfologije, traženje prefiksa, pretraživanje fraze.
Podrazumevano, pretraga se zasniva na morfologiji.
Za pretraživanje bez morfologije, dovoljno je staviti znak "dolar" ispred riječi u frazi:

$ studija $ razvoj

Da biste tražili prefiks, morate staviti zvjezdicu nakon upita:

studija *

Da biste tražili frazu, morate upit staviti u dvostruke navodnike:

" istraživanje i razvoj "

Traži po sinonimima

Da biste uključili sinonime riječi u rezultate pretraživanja, stavite znak hash " # " ispred riječi ili prije izraza u zagradama.
Kada se primijeni na jednu riječ, za nju će se pronaći do tri sinonima.
Kada se primijeni na izraz u zagradi, svakoj riječi će se dodati sinonim ako je pronađen.
Nije kompatibilno s pretraživanjem bez morfologije, prefiksa ili fraze.

# studija

grupisanje

Zagrade se koriste za grupisanje fraza za pretraživanje. Ovo vam omogućava da kontrolišete logičku logiku zahteva.
Na primjer, trebate podnijeti zahtjev: pronaći dokumente čiji je autor Ivanov ili Petrov, a naslov sadrži riječi istraživanje ili razvoj:

Približna pretraga riječi

Za približnu pretragu, morate staviti tildu " ~ " na kraju riječi u frazi. Na primjer:

brom ~

Pretraga će pronaći riječi kao što su "brom", "rum", "prom" itd.
Opciono možete odrediti maksimalan broj mogućih izmjena: 0, 1 ili 2. Na primjer:

brom ~1

Podrazumevano je 2 uređivanja.

Kriterijum blizine

Da biste pretraživali po blizini, morate staviti tildu " ~ " na kraju fraze. Na primjer, da pronađete dokumente sa riječima istraživanje i razvoj unutar 2 riječi, koristite sljedeći upit:

" istraživanje i razvoj "~2

Relevantnost izraza

Da biste promijenili relevantnost pojedinih izraza u pretraživanju, koristite znak " ^ " na kraju izraza, a zatim naznačite nivo relevantnosti ovog izraza u odnosu na ostale.
Što je nivo viši, to je dati izraz relevantniji.
Na primjer, u ovom izrazu riječ "istraživanje" je četiri puta relevantnija od riječi "razvoj":

studija ^4 razvoj

Podrazumevano, nivo je 1. Važeće vrednosti su pozitivan realan broj.

Traži unutar intervala

Da biste odredili interval u kojem bi trebala biti vrijednost nekog polja, trebali biste navesti granične vrijednosti u zagradama, odvojene operatorom TO.
Izvršit će se leksikografsko sortiranje.

Takav upit će vratiti rezultate sa autorom počevši od Ivanova i završavajući sa Petrovom, ali Ivanov i Petrov neće biti uključeni u rezultat.
Da biste uključili vrijednost u interval, koristite uglaste zagrade. Koristite vitičaste zagrade za izbjegavanje vrijednosti.

rTYNEYBOYS

{1} DMS BOZMYY LFB CHPKOB DMYMBUSH U 1792 ZPDB, LPZDB CHNEUFE U bCHUFTYEK Y rTKHUUYEK POB UPUFBCHYMB RETCHHA BOFYZHTBOGHULHA LPBMYGYA.

{2} uPZMBUOP zhPOFEOVMPULPNH DPZPCHPTH PF 16 BRTEMS 1814 ZPDB, obrpmepoh Vshchm RTEDPUFBCHMEO UHCHETEOYFEF OBD PUFTCHPN uMSHVB, RTYUPEDYOEOSHCHN L zhOBFBOGYFPOHPOCHOPFBUHFUFPO EOBFB) PF 26 BCHZHUFB 1802 ZPDB, BCH 1809 ZPDH RETECHEDEOOSHCHN H RPDYOYOEOYE ZMBCHOPNKH HRTBCHMEOYA DERBTFBNEOPCH FPULFOSCH. vschchyenkh YNRETBFPTH TBTEYMY CHʺ̱SFSH U UPVPK PDYO VBFBMSHPO UCHPEK ZCHBTDYY (600 UPMDBF), B LTPNE FPZP, UPZMBUOP UFBFSH 3-K, RPMPTSYMY GYCHYMSHOSHCHEC NETYUHDOFMOSHECEPY2. ZHTBOLCH, LPFPTSCHHE, L UMPCH ULBBFSH, LBVYOEF NYOYUFTCH HRPTO OE CHSHCHRMBYUYCHBM Yb-b OEICHBFLY DEOEZ Y OBDMETSBEEZP RYEFEFB.

{3} h DTHZPN NEUFE LOYZY yDYF UBHODETU OBSCCHCHBEF MADPCHILB i VIII CHEMILPDHYOPK RETUPOPK. MAVPRSCHFOP UTBCHOYFSH RPDPVVOHA OERTYCHSHCHYUOKHA DMS OBU PGEOLH U FENNY IBTBLFETYUFYLBNY, LPFPTSHNY OBDEMSMB DBOOPZP ZPUHDBTS UPCHEFULBS YUFPTTYPZTBJYS. CHPF, OBRTYNET, LBLPK LTBUPUOSCHK RPTFTEF TYUHEF bMShVETF nBOZHTED, ZMBCHOSCHK UREGYBMYUF UPCHEFULPZP NBTLUYNB RP ZHTBOGHY-ULYN TECHPMAGYSN: “fHYUOSCHRPDEFYFYF, L, CH MHYYYE DOY OE HNECHYYK UEUFSH O LPOS-u, CHSMSHCHK Y LP CHUENKH TBCHOPDHYOSCHK, FFPF NPOBTI "VPTSSHEK NYMPUFSHHA", KHUBTSEOOSHCHK OB FTPO U RPNPESH YOPUFTBOOSCHI YFSHCHLCH, VSHM NEOEE CHUEZP URPUPVEO BCCHPECHBFSH UINRBFYY OBGYY "(nBOZHTED b. b. oBRMEPO vPOBRBTF. n., 1958.). echzeoik fbtme, yufptiel on oeulpmshlp rptsdlpch hnoefhofa oshpesp RTPGIFITPCHBOOPZP LPMMEMEZY, PROSHSHBCHCHCHBUFUS VPMET NITPMAVICHP: “UBN LPTPMSh, UFKZBTSHK Publishell VIIIpZhpvsmpch, UFKZBTSHK DBRPhmpc ptptsoshn ”, Khuei -Brifsch, Ulpopnmeoi o MGY, URPMOB PHULBAFUS na ZPMPCHSH RIP TPDUFCHEOOOLP : “OP VTBF EZP, lBTM bTFHB, Y CHUS UCHPTTB NYZTBOPCH” (fBTME e. ch. ChRTPYUEN, Y BRBDOBS YUFPTYPZTBJYS ii CHELB OE CHUEZDB VEZTEYOB CH PGEOL IBTBFETB Y HVETSDEOYK FFPZP NPOBTIB. FBB, L RTINNEN, Ch PDOPK Yu TBVPF Bozykulpzp Yufptilb TPOBMSHDB Jedethelb demodedhezhymdb, intercufseps Ufimyufb RTPOGBPHPZHOPZP Ruiipmpzb, Oyuzd, l UPCBMOOOOOEIA, Oyuzd, l UPCBMOOOOOEIA, UPCBMOOOOOEIA, UPCBMOOOOEIA, UPCBMOOOEOEIA, EPISpfpu HuNPBA, REEPSyfpu HuNPBA TPYUFSh FLPK RTOOOEVTECHIFEMSHCHK RBUUBC: “Khufbchybs PPOSKOSKOSKhShchm ZPFPCHB RTYOSFSH MADPCHILB IVIII, BFPZPP UFTBDBAEEZP PF RPDBZTSCH FPMUFSLB, IPFS Y OBCHSCHCHCHBENPZP EK YOPUFTBOOSCHNY YFSCHLBNY" (demdetzhymd so. y 365).

PDOBLP OE NEOEE RTPOYGBFEMSHOSHCHK ZHTBOGKHULYK YUFPTYL ZETGPZ DE LBUFTY OBSCCHCHBEF ZTBZHB rTPCHBOULPZP CH FTEFSHEN FPNE UCHPEZP "BCHEEBOYS NPOBTIYY" "HPOSCHONCHCHBEF ZTBZHB WENSHE" (Duc de Castries. Le testament de la monarchie. T. 3. Les emigres: 1789- 1814. Pariz, 1962, str. 27). mHYUYBS TSE, CHETPSFOP, IBTBLFETYUFIILB MADPCHILB VSCHMB DBOB DTHZYN ZHTBOGHULYN YUFPTYILPN b. nBME, YURPMOEOOBS U FPK TsYChPK RPTFTEFOP-RUYIPMPZYUEULPK FPYUOPUFSHHA UFBTK BLBDENYUEULPK OBKHLY, LBLBS OSHOE RPYUFY UCHETIEOOP HFTBYUEOB: “VSHMP MY LFPZYUEULPK FPYUOPUFSHHA UFBTK BLBDENYUEULPK OBKHLY, LBLBS OSHOE RPYUFY UCHETIEOOP HFTBYUEOB: “VSHMP MY LFPOOOP EUFEFFUMPY N DPMZPK Y VEDESFEMSHOPK TSYJOY CH LBYUEUFCHE RTEFEODEOFB, OP MADPCHYL i VIII VPSMUS CHUSLYI DEMPCHSHCHI ʺBVPF Y ʺVEZBM CHUSLPZP FTHDB. zhYYYYUEULPK OERPDCHYTSOPUFY, O LPFPTHA EZP PVTELBMB RPDBZTB Y YYHTPPDCHBOOSCHE OPZY, UPPFCHEFUFCHBMB OELPFPTBS PGEROEMPUFSH DHIPPCHOPK DEFEMSHOPUFY. obulchpsh rtpoylokhfshchk UPOBOYEN BLPOOPUFY UCHPYI RTBC, HVETSDEOOOSCHK H VPTSEUFCHEOOPN YI RTPYUIPTsDEOYY, ON OBNETEO VSHM OEHLMPOOOP RPMShPCHBFSHOP YNY Y UMPLSHFMBDBSHUS YUMPLSFMBDB; FTPO VSCHM DMS OEZP RTPUFP UBNSCHN NSZLYN Y CHUEI LTEUEM. rPMYFYUEULYK TETSYN, RPDPVOSHCHK BOZMYKULPNKH, MADPCHYLKH i VIII OTBCHYMUS CH FPN PFOPYOYYY, UFP RPCHPMSM GBTUFCHPCHBFSH, OE HRTBCHMSS Y ChPYMBZBSCH OB CHPYMBZBSCH OB NYOYUFUF VMBZPRTYSFUFCHPCHBM EZP MEOY Y DYMEFBOFULYN OBLMPOOPUFSN. lBLBS-OYVHDSH PDB zPTBGYS YMY HDBYOP RETEDBOOBS URMEFOS URMEFOS ʺ̱BOYNBMY EZP ZPTBDP VPMSHYE, YUEN ʺBUEDBOYE UPCHEFB NYOYUFTCH YMY CHSHCHTBVPFLB BLPOPRTPELFB.

u DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, SUOSCHK Y ULERFYUEULYK HN LPTPMS, NBMP URPUPVOSHCHK RPDDBCHBFSHUS YMMAYSN, PRTEDEMEOOP RPDULBJSCHCHBM ENH, UFP zhTBOGYEK OECHPʺ̱NPTSOP HRTBCHMSFBLETSHOP HRTBCHMSFBLETSHOP HRTBCHMSFBLETSHUS B, Y PO RTELTBUOP RPOYNBM, YUFP RTY NBMEKYEK RPRSHFFLE RTPY'CHEUFY LBLIE-OYVHDSH UHEEUFCHEOOOSCHE RETENEOSCH CH HYUTETSDEOYSI , UPDBOOSCHHI TECHPMAGYEK, PO UFBCHYF O LBTFH UCHPA LPTPOH U CHEMYUBKYYN TYULPN PLPOYUBFEMSHOP HER RPFETSFSh. b H YEUFSHDEUSF MEF ENH CHCHUE OE IPFEMPUSH UOPCHB OBYUBFSH GSHCHZBOULHA TSYOSH, VTPDS U PDOPZP NEUFB O DTHZPE ʺ̱BNPL CH 60 LN PF mPODPOB, ZDE MADPCHYL TSYM NOPZP. ¡ b. V.], ZEOF Y F.D. NETEFSH O RTEUFPME, YH OEZP ICHBFIMP HNB Y VMBZPTBIKHNYS, UFPVSCH PUKHEEUFCHYFSH UCHPE TSEMBOYE O DEME ". fBLPK NPOBTI, EUMY VSC PO VSCHM PDYO Y NPZ UCHPPVPDOP UMEDPCHBFSH CHMEYUEOYSN UCHPEK RTYTPDSCH. CHRPMOE VSHCHM VSHCH URPUPVEO DBFSH zhTBOGYY CHPNPTSOPUFSH RPUFEREOOP RTPKFY YLPMH RBTMBNEOFULPZP TETSYNB. L OEUYBUFSHHA, ON VSCHM OE PYO, B UFTENMEOYE L URPLPKUFCHYA OEPDOPLTTBFOP BUFBCHMSMP EZP DEMBFSH HUFHRLY TEELLYN CHSHCHIPDLBN PLTHTSBCHYI EZP ZHBOBFILMOOYE EZP ZHBOBFILMOOYE J EPDOPLTTBFOP BUFBCHMSMP EZP DEMBFSH HUFHRLY TEELLYN CHSHCHIPDLBN PLTHTSBCHYI EZP ZHBOBFILMOOYE EZP ZHBOBFIMBOLFCHYA J DBBBEEMEMBELPCH Y DBBBEEMERBME LP OE SCHMSCHYEKUS FPUOSCHN PFTBTSEOEN PVEEUFCHEOOPZP NOOEOYS UFTBOSHCH (YUFPTYS i CHELB RPD TED. RTPZH. mBCHYUUB Y tBNVP 3. n., 1938. na 89-90).

{4} yNEEFUS CH CHYDH BOZMP-BNETYLBOULBS CHPKOB 1812-1814 ZZ., OBYUBCHYBSUS CH TEEKHMSHFBFE FPTZPCHP-LPOPNYUEULPK LPOLCHTEOHYY DCHHI UFTBO, B FBLCE CEMBOYS RYTEHMSHFBFE TEEKHMSHFBFE FPTZPCHP-LPOPNYUEULPK LPOLCHTEOHYY DCHHI UFTBO, B FBLCE CEMBOYS OELPFDRHEPTYLYU RLFDHRNETYLYF CH UDEMBFSH FETTYFPTYBMSHOSH RTYPVTEFEOYS H lBOBDE. bNETYLBOULYE CHPKULB PDETSBMY CH IPDE LFPK CHPKOSHCH TSD OBBYUYFEMSHOSHCHI RPVED (O PET yBNRMEKO (UEOFSVTSh 1813), O KUĆNOM LJUBIMCU yBNRMEKO (UEOFSVTSh 1814) Y OFSVTSh 1814) Y BYOFSVTSh 1814) Y BOLPDUCH1PDABZHDPYDT. K DEUBOF HIYFTYMUS BICHBFIFSH Y UTSEYUSH VPMSHYHA YUBUFSH chBYOZFPOB. h YFPZE CH 1814 ZPDKH CH ZEOFE VSCM RPDRYUBO NYTOSHK DPZPCHPT, ChPUUFBOPCHYCHYK DPCHPEOOPE RPMPTSEOIE.

{5} yNEEFUS CH CHYDKH CHEOULYK LPOZTEUU (UEOFSVTSh 1814 YAOSH 1815) U HYBUFYEN RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK CHUIEI ECHTPREKULYI DETTSBCH, YB YULMAYUEOYEN FKHTHYY. GEMSHA Y TEEKHMSHFBFPN LPOZTEUUB UFBMP ChPUUFBOPCMEOYE Y RETEDEMLB ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHI FETTYFPTYBMSHOSHCHI ZTBOYG RPUMEOBRPMEPOCHULPK ECHTPRSH Y RTCHPPZMBYOOGCHOPZMMPPY TCHPPZMBYOOGCHOPZMMPPY OBTPDOSCHI PFOPIEOYK. rP NEFLPNH ʺ̱BNEYUBOYA OENEGLPZP YUFPTYLB b. t. yfptybmshoshche chprtpusch, op i aktivbueulpe huftpkufchp echtprshch (Huber E. R. Deutsche Verfassungs Geschichte Seit 1789. BD. 1: Reforma i restauracija 1789 bis 1880. Stuttgart, 1957, str. 44).

{6} h OBYUBME iIi CHELB tPUUYS Y rtkhuuys SCHMSMYUSH OBYVPMEE VMYʺ̱LYNY UPAOYELBNY CH THTPRE, OB FFP TSE CHTENS RTYIPDYFUS RYL TPUUYKULPK DIRMPNBFYUEUCHEOULPK YOPFOPUCHEOUPYPK BLFICHOPUCHEOUPYPK BLFICHOPUCHEPYPK NULPK YNRETYY ZETNBOULPK OBGYY". eEE CH LPOGE iVIII CHELB "ZETNBOULBS" DYRMPNBFYUEULBS RPMYFYLB tPUUYY VSCHMB OBCHBOB "DESFEMSHOPK YOZHMAYOGYEK", FBLPA POB PUFBMBUSH Y CH UMEDHAEEN UFPMEFYY. h LPOGE 1800 ZPDB rTKHUUYS CHNEUFE UP yCHEGYEK Y dBOYEK CHPYMB CH PTZBOY'PCHBOOKHA rBCHMPN I F. O. 2-A MYZKH OEKFTBMSHOSHCHI ZPUHDBTUFCH. h YAME 1801 ZPDB, UTBYKH RP CHUFKHRMEOYY O RTEUFPM, bMELUBODT I ʺ̱BSCHYM CH YOUFTHLGYSI TPUUYKULYN RPUMBN: “vPMSHYBS YUBUFSH ZETNBOULYI CHMBDEFEMEK; OYEBCHYUYNPUFSH Y VEEPRPBUOPUFSH ZETNBOY FBL CHBTSOSCH DMS VHDHEEZP NYTB, UFP SOE NPZKh RTEOEEVTEYUSH UMHYUBEN DMS UPITBOEIS SB tPUUYEK RETCHEOUFCHHAEEZP CHEMGY" YRPCHHAEEZP CHEMG. C. o. choeyoss RPMYFYLB tPUUYY Y ZETNBOULYE ZPUHDBTUFCHB 1801-1812 ZZ .: bCHFPTEZH. DYUU D-TB YUF OBCL urV urV ZHYMYBM yo-FB TPUU YUFPTYY tbo, 1996, 41). h FPN CE NEUSGE H TEULTYRFE TPUUIKULPNH RPUMH CH RBTYCE y. b. lPMSHCHUEKH bMELUBODT ZPCHPTYF P "TBCHOPCHEUYY" CH INTRETYY, LPFPTPE tPUUYY OBDMETSYF RPDDETSYCHBFSH NETsDH bCHUFTYEK Y rTKHUUYEK RTY RPNPEY UCHPEZP UPPAZOYILP UPPAZOYILZB LBCBALPHABBP. rTEENOYL LPMSHCHYUECHB, RPCHETEOOSHCHK CH DEMBI JTBOGYY ZTBZH b. th. nPTLPCH, RPMHYUBEF PF GBTS UMEDHAEIE UFTPLY: “UPITBOYFSH RTEPVMBDBAEEE CHMYSOIE tPUUYY CH DEMBI YNRETYY”. uPZMBUOP TPUUYKULP-ZHTBOGKHULPNKH NYTOPNKH DPZPCHPTH PF 8 PLFSVTS 1801 ZPDB Y EZP UELTEFOSHCHN UFBFSHSN, tPUUYS RTYOBCHBMBUSH ZBTBOFPN "uchSEEOOPKN Y". rPFPPNH BTEUF Ch 1804 ZPDH PFTSDPN ZHTBOGKHULYI DTBZHO VETSBCHYEZP YJ zhTBOGYY ZETGPZB mHY BOFHBOB oZYEOULPZP, RTPYYPYEDYK O FETTYFPTYYZ UHCHETEOULPZ, RTPYYPYEDYK O FETTYFPTYY Z UHCHETEOULPZ, RTPYYPYEDYK AEBS EZP LBOSH RP UZHBVTYLPCHBOOPNKH PVCHYOEOYA H ʺ̱BZPCHPTE O TSYOSH RETCHPZP lPOUHMB RPUMKHTSYMY RTYUYOPK TBTSCHCHB THUULP-ZHTBOGHU LYY PFOPIEOYK. fPZDB CE, Ch 1804-N, bMELUBODT UPVUFCHEOOPTHYUOP RYEF "DELMBTBGYA tPUUY P UCHNEUFOSCHHI U rtkhuuyek DEKUFCHYSI RP BEIFE UECHETOPC ZETNBOY", B Ch CHOCHETOPC ZETNBOY, B Ch CHOCHETOPC ZETNBOY, B Ch CHOCHETOPC-ZETNBOY, B Ch. "p NETBY L HUFBOPCMEOYA NYTB CH CHTPRE", tPUUYS BLMAYUBEF LPOCHEOGYA UP YCHEGYEK P UCHNEUFOSCHHI DEKUFCHYSI RP BEYFE UECHETOPK ZETNBOY, RPUFTPYCH FBLYN PVTBBPN UCHPEZP TPDB UYUFENKH LPMMELFICHOPK VEEPRPBUOPUFY CH FFEPN T Ch 1805 ZPDH BLMAYUBEFUS THUULP-RTHUULBS UPAOBS LPOCHEOGYS, CH 1806-N POB RMBCHOP RETEFELBEF CH vBTFEOYFEKOULHA LPOCHEOGYA, LPFPTBS CH VHDHEEN RTEDPMBZBMBZBMB CHOOPEHDBOTEHUF CHUFT ZPUHDBTEFELBEF POUFYFKHGPOOPC ZHEDETBGYY" O PUOPCHE UPAOYYUEULPZP RBTYFEFB NETsDH bCHUFTYEK Y rTHUYEK. h RTPFYCHPCHEU UPDBOOPNKH oBRPMEPPN TEKOULPNH UPAH tPUUYS Y rTKHUUYS RTEDMBZBAF UPDBFSH UECHEPZETNBOULYK UPAY PE ZMBCHE U rthuuyek, YuFP, ChRTPYuEN, ZDDPBETNY, ZDDPBETNY, ZDDBNBETNY URTBCHEDMYCHP PRBUBCHYNYUS UFBFSH RTBDOYUOSCHN DEUETFPN zhTYIDTYIB CHYMSHZEMSHNB III. h fYMSHYFE bMELUBODT RPUMBM oBRPMEPOKH, CH YUYUME RTPUYI, DYRMPNBFYUEULHA BRYULKH, CH LPFPTPK RTPCHKHYUBMY UMEDHAEEYE UMPCHB: “chPRTPU, YOFETEUKHAEYK NEO FUPPELE CHOPYP TPMS RTHUULPZP CH EZP CHMBDEOYSI" (TEYUSH YMB P "CHPOBZTBTSDEOYY" JTYIDTYIB CHYMSHZEMSHNB VPZENULYNY ENMSNY OE RTYUPEDYOYCHYEKUS L vBTFEOYFEKOULPK LPOCHEOGYY BCHUFTYY). iBTBLFETOP, UFP VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH UVBFEK BLMAYUEOOPZP CH YAOE 1807 ZPDB fYMSHJFULPZP NYTB VSCHMB RPCHSEOB RTHUULYN Y ZETNBOULYN DEMBN: FBL, LFYN NYTOSHCHPBBY GYZB, ChPUUFBOBCHMYCHBMUS UKHCHETEOYFEF ZPUHDBTEK-TPDUFCHEOOILPC tPUUYKULPZP yNRETBFPTULPZP DPNB ZETGPZCH uBLUEO-lPVKhTZULPZP, ZPMSHYF ECO-pMSHZFGPETPZ JTYDTYI MADCHYZ VSHCHM TPDOSHCHN DSDEK bMELUBODTTB, TSEOBFSCHN L FPNKh TSE O UEUFTE YNRETBFTYGSHCH nBTYY ZHEDPTPCHOSCH) Y NELMEOVKhTZ-yCHETYOULPZP. bMELUBODT RTYOBCHBM TEKOULHA LPOZHEDETBGYA ZETNBOULYI ZPUHDBTUFCH RPD RTPFELFPTTBFPN ZHTBOGKHULPZP YNETTBFPTB, B zhTBOGYS CH UCHPA PYUETEDSh RTYOBCHBMB RTBYHOBBETSHUDEBUFCHPE HRLY ZBOOPCHETB CHEUFZHBMSHULPNKh LPTPMECHUFCHKH. h LPOGE 1811 ZPDB UPCHEFOIL TPUUYKULPZP RPUPMSHUFCHB CH rBTYCE ZTBJ lBTM oEUUEMSHTPDE, VHDHEIK NYOYUFT YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM, RTEDUFBCHYM bMELUBODTH RMOPUPPLOGUNSTYMBYBO, UZPPUFTYMBYMB RP fYMSHJFKH Y yTJHHTFX ZBTBOFYTPCHBMY VSC OERTYLPUOPCHEOPUFSH rtkhuuyy, B zhtbogys Ch DPCHETYOYE CHUEZP UDEMBMB Vshch rtkhuuyy EEE TSD FETTYSCHIFP TYBMSHO HUFHRPL. bMELUBODT PDPVTYM RMBO, Y FP TYNPE DPLBBFEMSHUFCHP MAVCHY tPUUY L ZHTYDTYIKH CHYMSHZEMSHNH LTHTSIMPUSH O LBTKHUEMSI DYRMPNBFYUEULYI RETEZPCHPTCH CHRMPFDBPLY tPUUY L ZHTYDTYIKH CHYMSHZEMSHNH LTHTSIMPUSH O LBTKHUEMSI DYRMPNBFYUEULYI RETEZPCHPTCH CHRMPFSDBPYO 2000-2012 MSHJFKH Y tZhKhTFKh PLPOYUBFEMSHOP TBUUPTYMYUSH CH RHI Y RTBI. TPNBO TSE tPUUYY Y RTKHUUYY EEE VPMEE HLTERYMUS, FBL UFP PVE UFPTPOSCH RTPOEUMY UCHPA OEZBUYNKHA, IPFS Y PFOADSH OE VEEPVMBYuOKHA, MAVPCSH YUETEEK CHUE VBFBMYYY-1818 shnh III Chesh Rtivbmfikehulik LTBK) Y LPOGPCh Cheshrmeuokhmy Mavpchshh o ZPMPCHSCH BOZYUBO, Bchuftikhev Zhtboghpch h. (rPDTPVOEE PV LFPN UN., REV.: YULAMSH u. o. tPUUYS Y ZETNBOULYE ZPUHDBTUFCHB (1801-1808 ZZ.). urV., 1996). ChRTPYUEN, ZETNBOULYE HCHMEYUEOYS bMELUBODTB CHPCHUE OE LBTSHFUS FBLYNY HTS UFTBOOSCHNY, EUMY HYUEUFSH, UFP LP READING PRYUSCHBENSCHI UPVSCHFIK THUULPK LTPCHY CH TSYMBYMBIP LTPUCHY CHMBRTPI M, ʺ̱BFP RPYUFY CH ZPTDPN PDYOPYUEUFCHE FELMB OENEGLBS (EUMY, LPOEYUOP, PFGPN rBCHMB I OE VSCHM LBLPK- OIVKhDSH UBMFSHCHLCH).

{7} UHFSH RPMSHULPK RTPVMENSCH UPUFPSMB CH FPN, YuFP LPTPMSh UBLUPOULYK, PO CE CHEMYLYK ZETGPZ chBTYBCHULYK, zhTYDTYI bCHZHUF UPITBOYM CHETOPUFSH UPAH U zhTBYPMSh UPAH U zhTBYPMSh UBLUPOULYK, PO CE CHEMYLYK ZETGPZ chBTYBCHULYK, zhTYDTYI bCHZHUF UPITBOYM CHETOPUFSH UPAH U zhTBYPMSH UPAH U zhTBUBOGYEK, CHEMYJMP, JUMP, JUMP. US H RMEOH H VETMYOE, B PCHPPVTTSDEOOSHCH YN RTEUFPMSCH PLBBMYUSH CHBLBOFOSHCHNY. l PUFBCHYYNUS VEURTYPTOSHCHNY FETTYFPTYSN OENEDMEOOP RTPFSOKHMYUSH IOETZYUOSCHE THLY DETTSBCH-RPVEDIFEMHOYG.

rTHUUBLY RPFTEVCHBMY RPMOPZP ChPUUFBOCHMEOYS ZTBOYG 1806 ZPDB PZP ZETGPZUFCHB chBTYBCHULPZP. tkhuulye, obrtpfych, xtse uyuyfbmy ffpf lhupl rytpzb uchpyn: bmelubodt i obnetechbmus rkhfen pvneob Y, RTYUCHPEOOSHCH BCHUFTYEK CH 1772 Y 1795 ZPDUBI Y Z rTKBI9 F ZPD119 FYUEULY BOOKHMYTPCHBFSH BLTERMEOOOSCHE REFETVKhTZULYNY LPOCHEOGYSNNY TEEKHM SHFBFSh FTEI TBDEMPCH TEYUY rPURPMYFPK, Y UFBFSH LPOUFYFKHGIPOOSCHN NPOBTIPOSCHN rPMSHULPZP LPTPMECHUFCHB, UCHSBOOPZP MYUOPK HOYEK U tPUUYKULPK YNRETYEK.

bCHUFTYKGSCH FTEVPCHBMY CHETOHFSH YN zBMYGYA, KHUFHRMEOOHA YNY oBRPMEPOH RP yJOVTHOOULPNH NYTH 1809 ZPDB Y Chpyedykha Ch UPUFBCH CHEMYLPZP ZETGPZUFBCHULP chPPB.

pDOBLP, RPULPMSHLH RTY TPUUYKULPN DCHPTE TSEMBOYE bMELUBODTTB DBTCHBFSH RPMSLBN YI TSE UPVUFCHEOOOSCHE RPBYNUFCHBOOSCHE tPUUYEK RTPCHYOGYY VSMP CHUFTEYUEOP CHUFTEYUEOP LTBETSHEMBNE YI TSE UPVUFCHEOOOSCHE RPBYNUFCHBOOSCHE tPUUYEK RTPCHYOGYY VSMP CHUFTEYUEOP CHUFTEYUEOP LTBETSHEMBNE YI TSE UPVUFCHEOOOSCHE RPBYNUFCHBOOSCHE B PUFTPHNOHA LPNVYOBGYA: VHDKHEEK rpmshye PFDBFSH RPMSHULYE RTCHYOGYY bCHUFTYY Y rTKHUYY, rTHUYY PFDBFSH UBLUPOYA, BCHUFTYKGBN TSE OYYUE ZP. tBKHNEEFUS, LFP UPMPNPOPCHP RTEDMPTSEOYE NBMP LPZP HUFTPIMP, Y NEOSHIE CHUEZP BCHUFTYKGECH.

{8} 28 UEOFSVTS 1814 ZPDB bMELUBODT I Y zhTYDTYI CHYMSHZEMSHN III RPDRYUBMY UELTEFOSHCHK RTPFPLPM, UZMBUOP LPFPTPNKh uBLUPOYS RPD YNEOEN uBLUPOULPZP LPTPMECHUFCHB YNEOEN uBLUPOULPZP LPTPMECHUFCHB LPTPMECHUMBCHB LPTPMECHUMBCHB LPTPMECHUMBCHB chBTYBCH-ULPE RPD YNEOEN gBTUFCHB rPMSHULPZP PFIPDYMP L tPUUYY. 8 OPSVTS LPNBODHAEYK THUULYN PLLHRBGYPOOSCHN LPTRHUPN CH UBLUPOYY ZOEETBM TEROYO PYASCHYM UBLUPPOGBN P UNOE DELPTBGYK, Y YA LPTPMECHUFCHB. 30 DELBVTS LOSSH BODTEK TBHNPCHULYK PZMBUYM OPCHSCHK THUULYK RTPELF, RP LPFPTPNKH rTKHUUYS RPMKHYUBMB uBLUPOYA Y CHDPVBCHPL rPBOBOSH, tPUUYS YPUFBBUMSH, tPUUYS YPUFBBUMSH ZPUFBBUMSH ZPUFBUFZ BCHULPZP, B UBLUPOULYK LPTPMSh RETENEEBMUS O TEKO U RTYPVTEFEOYEN FTYTB, vPOOB Y maluenVKhTZB. FFPF OPCHPZPDOYK ZEPRPMYFYYUEULIK TEGERF UFBM RPUMEDOEK LBRMEK, Y L ZHTBOGKHOBN, OEDPPMSHOSHCHN UCHPEK CETFCHEOOOPK HYBUFSHHA, Y BCHUFTYKGBN, RMP'FPUSSCHOP CHOPBCHOMYNU Y L ZHTBOGKHOBN, OEDPPMSHOSHCHN UCHPEK CETFCHEOOOPK HYBUFSHHA, Y BCHUFTYKGBN, RMP'FPUSSCHOP PVBBCHOPYNU z. OB rBRULHA PVMBUFSH, RTYVBCHYMYUSH FBLTSE BOZMYYUBOE, PRBUBCHYYEUS, UFP PVPUOPCHBCHYKUS OB VETEZBI TEKOB UBLUPOULYK LPTPMSh RPNPTSEF JTBOGYY RTPYZMPFETYFOD. rPFPNKh, THLPCHPDUFCHKhSUSH Y'CHTBEEOOPC Y VEEPFLBOPK DIRMPNBFYUEULPK MPZYLPK, BOZMYYUBOE, DBVSH OE DPRHUFYFSH HUYMEOYS ZHTBOGHH'PCH O UCHETE, CHUFHRDDIM YSHUFCHPTS YSHUFHRDD 1815 ZPDB VSHCHM RPDRYUBO BCHUFTP-ZhTBOLP-VTYFBOULYK UELTEFOSHCHK DPZPCHPT, RPHYBUFCHPCHBFSH CH LPFPTPN RTYZMBYBMYUSH FBLCE vBCHBTYS , zPMMBODYS, ZBOOPCHET Y UBTDYOS. Upzmbuop lfpnh dpzpchpth, ch umhyube yushyi-oyvkhdsh chtbtsdevoschi chpeooshchi rrppmopcheoyk (oeftkhdop dpzbdbfshus, yushyi!) Lbtsdbs y ufptpo pvschchbmbush chshchufbchyfsh rp 150 000 y Uem. "U RPMOEKYN VEULPTSHCHUFYEN".

{9} rYTEOEKULBS CHPKOB CHPEOOSH LBNRBOY 1807-1814 ZPDHR O RYTEOEKULPN RPMKhPUFTPCHE, PDOP Y ATSOSCHHI "OBRTBCHMEOYK" OBRPMEPOCH-ULYI ChPKO. h VTYFBOULPK YUFPTYPZTBZHYY LFB CHPKOB PVP-OBYUBEFUS CHSCHTBTSEOEN Poluostrvni rat ("poluotok" RP-BOZMYKULY "RPMHPUFTCH", "Poluostrvo" "RYTEOEKULYK RPMHPUFTCH"), LPCEUBEFUS CHSCHTBTSEOEN Poluostrvo PUFTCHOBS CHPKOB"; DCHYD yuBODMET, PYO Yʺ̱ LTHROEKYI YUUMEDPCHBFEMEK OBRPMEPOPCHULYI RPIPDCH, YNEOHEF CHEUSH FFPF VHLEF CHPEOOP-RPMYFYYUEULYI LPMMYYK "YVETYKULYNY YOFTYZBNY".

rTYUYOPK rYTEOEKULPK ChPKOSHCH, RPNYNP EUFEUFCHEOOPZP FETTYFPTYBMSHOPZP BRREFYFB vPOBRBTFB, UFBMP RPUFPSOOPE OBTHIEOYE yURBOYEK Y rPTFKhZBMYEK Y rPTFKhZBMYEK "LPFKHZBMYEK "LPFKHZBMYEK "LPOFKIOE" POPKOZBMYEK "LPOFKIOE" rpmepopn Ch 1806 ZPDKh, RPULPMSHLKh LLPOPNYLB FFYI DCHHI UFTBO CH OBYUYFEMSHOPK NET YKULYI NBYOOOSHI ZHBVTYLBFCH. rTEUEYUSH LFY FPTZPCHSCHHE U NPTS VSCHMP OECHPʺ̱NPTSOP, FL BOZMYKULYK ZHMPF ZPURPDUFCHPCHBM CH VYULBKULPN ʺBMYCHE, UTEDYENOPN NPTE Y bFMBOFYUEULPN PLEBOE. rPFPNH Ch PLFSVTE 1807 ZPDB 27-FSHCHUSYuOBS JTBOGHULBS BTNYS RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN ZOEETBMB bodpyb CAOP DCHYOHMBUSH YUETEY YURBOULHA FETTYFPTYA O rPTFHZBMMYBO ZPTFHZBMMYBO ZPTFHZBMMYBO Y H MYUUBVPO. oBUFBMB PUETEDSH YURBOYY. 4 DElbVTS 1808 ZPDB ZHTBOGKHULYE CHPKULB HCE FPTTSEUFCHEOOP CHUFHRBMY CH nBDTYD, PDOBLP PFYUBSOOOEKIE UPRTPFYCHMEOYE, LPFPTPE PLBBMY YURBOGHESHCH, YOBRPBHCHPOHYFYH BUFRPBHCPO Y O DPMZYE ZPDSHCH. TEZHMSTOSCHE YUBUFY vPOBRBTFB, UPUFPSCHYE Y IPTPYP CHPPTKhTSEOOSCHI Y PVCYUEOOOSCHI UPMDBF, FBL H LPOEYUOPN UYUEFE Y OE UNPZMY RPVEYFSH BUFKHTYKULYI US LTEUFKHTYKULYI US LTHETBUNTEBLYF ENEUMEOILPC, LPFPTSCHHE EDCHB MY NEOEE VEURPEBDOP FETBMY Y FTERBMY ZHTBOGKHULHA BTNYA, OETSEMY OBNEOYFSHCHE UCHPEK ZETPYUEULPK LTPCHPTsBDOPUFSHHA RBTFMEUSSE SH rPKPCHMEUSSE UPEDYOEOYS CHETNBIFB. pDONY FPMSHLP HVYFSHCHNY ZHTBOGKHSHCH RPFETSMY CH yURBOYY 68,000 Yuem., RTY 62,000 RPZYVYYI YURBOGECH (OE UYUYFBS KhNETYYI PF RYDENYK PE YTENSTMZBOPTYH) U V. YUFPTYS CHPEOOSHCHI RPFETSH. CHPKOSHCH Y OBTPPDPOBUEMEOIE ECHTPRSCH. MADULYE RPFETY CHPPTHTSEOOSCHI UIM eCHTPREKULYI UFTBO CH CHPKOBI XVII-XX CH (YUFPTYLP-UFBFYUFYUEULPE YUUMEDPCHBOYE), urV., 1994, na. 90). pFFPZP-FP UFPMSh RTPUHCHUFCHBOSH UMCHB oBRPMEPOB, ULBBOOSCHE YN O UCHSFPK eMEOE U YUHCHUFCHPN ZMHVPLPZP Y OERPDEMSHOPZP TEBMYYNB: "NEOS DPLPOBSCHB YURBOULBS!"

h OBYUBME BCHZHUFB 1808 ZPDB ZEOETBM bTFHT hMMUMY, VHDHEIK ZETGPZ CHEMMYOZFPO, CHCHUBDYMUS U 9000 VTYFBOULYI UPMDBF CH ʺ̱BMYCHE nPODEH CH rPTFHZBPME CH rPTFHZBPME CH rPTFHZBPME CH rPTFHZBPMY0 0 YuEM., OBOEU H UETEDYOE BCHZHUFB FTY RPTBTSEOIS RPTDSD CHPKULBN CAOP (FBL, TBYFYFSHCHK X CHYNEKTSCHCH 13- FSH--USYUOSCHK ZHTBOGKHULYK PFTSD RPFETSM 2000 Yuem. UDBMYUSH O NYMPUFSH BOZMYUBO Y VSCHMY TERBFTYITPCHBOSH Y rPTFKhZBMYY. h NBE 1809 ZPDB khMMUMY, YNES, RTBCHDB, FTEILTBFOPE RTECHPUIPDUFCHP CH UIMBI, TBVYM Y PVTBFYM CH VEZUFCHP NBTYBMB uHMShFB DET'LPK MPVCHPK BFBLPK Kh rPTFH. h FBLPN CE FPYuOP UFIME NA LPNBODPCHBM UPAKOSHCHNY CHPKULBNY O RYTEOEKULPN RPMHPUFTPCHE DP 1813 ZPDB CHLMAYUYFEMSHOP, PDETSBCH TSD VMEUFSEYI RPVED RTY FBMBCHE1Y (YMB8FPBO1) (1813).

{10} dBVSHCH O RPDMYCHBFSH UETH H BDULPE RMBNS DYRMPNBFY Y OE DPRHUBLBFSH OCHSHCHI VPMSHYI LTPCHPRTPMYFYK, DETTSBChSCH-RPVEDYFEMSHOYGSCH RPUFEREOOP UFBMY RTYMPPNBFY FFPUNCHUPNTPTY FFPUNCHIPDYF FSBOYK, LPFPTSCHK VSHCHM ATYDYYUEULY PZHPTNMEO HCE RPDOEE, CH NBE-YAOE 1815 ZPDB, UOBYUBMB Yubufoshchny DPZCHPTTBNY, B BLFEN BLMAYUYFEMSHOSHCHN BLUFPN LPOZ UB PF 9 YAOS (F. E. CH UBNSCHK TBZBT "UFB DOEK").

yFBMSHSOULYK CHPRTPU TEYYMY RPMAVPCHOP: nBTYY mHYE, UHRTHZE obRPMEPOB, U PFNEOOPA HYUFYCHPUFYA RTERPDOEUMY ZETGPZUFCHP rBTNULPE; fPULBOH RPDBMY O DEUETF LTGZETGPZH BCHUFTYKULPNH JETDYOBODH, B nPDEOH DTHZPNH LTGZETGPZH, Y FPTS, LBL OH UFTBOOP, BCHUFTYKULPNH, zhTBOGH D "UFE. EK, B BCHUFTYS, Y VEI FPZP RTPUFETYBS LOETZYUOSCHE LTSCHMB OBD BREOOYOBNY, RPTSYCHYMBUSH MPNVBTDYEK, FYTPMEN .

rPMSHULYK CHPRTPU FBLCE TBTEYMY RP URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY, RTYUEN CH PVEYI YUETFBI EEE CH ZHECHTBME: X LPTPMS UBLUPOULPZP PFYASMY CHEMYLPE ZETGPZUFCHP chbtybchulpe YUETFBI YUTFBI ECHUFCHB RTHUUYY. rTHUYS HFPMSMB BRREFIF FBLCE CHEMILYN ZETGPZUFCHPN rPʺ̱OBOWULYN, B LTPNE FPZP, TBOEE BICHBYUEOOOPK YCHEDBNY rPNETBOYEK, RTBCHPVETETSSHEN TEKOB, PUFBOLBNY CHEULPHUZF PBBCH. bCHUFTYS HFEYBMBUSH chPUFPYuOPK zBMYGYEK, B YNRETBFPT CHUETPUUYKULYK DEMBMUS RP UCHNEUFYFEMSHUFCHH ZPUHDBTEN RPMKHBCHFPOPNOPZP gBTUFCHB rPMSHULPZP. lTBLPCHH NYMPUFYCHP TBTEYMYMY UFBFSH OEKFTBMSHOSHCHN CHPMSHOSCHN ZPTPDPN.

{12} f. E. RTEDUFBCHYFEMY tPUUYY (ZTBZH LBTM oEUUEMSHTPDE), BOZMYY (ZETGPZ CHEMMYOZFPO), RTKHUYY (LOSSH LBTM iBTDEOVETZ) Y NYOYUFT YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM MADPMECHILB iVIII fBBMECHILB.

{13} URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY TBDY UMEDHEF ʺ̱BNEFYFSH, YuFP bMELUBODT, OEBDPMZP DP FPZP ZTPYCHYKUS fBMEKTBOKH Y MADPCHILKH i VIII URKHUFYFSH U GERY "YUKHDPCHYEE", CHULPCHEPCHYEE, CHULPCHOPNHPPYLP CHULPCHEPNSHPSM HYYY L Y'ZOBOOILKH Y RPPVEEBM LFH CHPKOH, CHP-PVOPCHYCHYHAUS "RP EZP CHOYE", CHEUFY "DP RPUMEDOEZP UPMDBFB Y" DP RPUMEDOEZP THVMS".

{14} uENBZHPT, YMY THYuOBS UYZOBMYBGYS (BOZM.: semafor) RETEDBYUB UYZOBMPCH U RPNPESHHA HUMPCHOPZP RPMPTSEOIS (YMY DCHYTSEOIS) THL U ZHMBTSLBNY.-

{15} CPF, Obrtynet, Blane EftYu Zhtbogych Ch 1816 ZPDH Ychefoshk RPMIFIL-TURHMILBOEG BOFHBO LMM FVEVPDP, V-shchyki Chi Lpoga ZZ. RTEDUEDBFEMEN UPCHEFB RSFYUPF, RPTFTEF ZETGPZYOY nBTYY FETEJSC BOZHMENULPK, ​​DPYUETY MADPCHILB iVIII Y nBTYY bOFHBOEFFSCH, LPFPTPK UHTsDEOP VSCHMP RTPKFY FETEJSC BOZHMENULPK, ​​DPYUETY MADPCHILB iVIII Y nBTYY bOFHBOEFFSCH, LPFPTPK UHTsDEOP VSCHMP RTPKFY HJPCHPBUNSʺ̱HUPCHFY ULCHPMBUNSʺ̱HPOY ULCHPGM OPZP FETTPTB Y LPFPTHA FERETSCH LFP-FP OEPUFPPTTSOP OBCHBM "BOSEMPN DPVTPFSCH": "BOZEM SCHYMUS UHIBS, OBDNEOOBS , U ITIRMSCHN Y HZTPTSBAEIN ZPMPUPN, U YJYASCHMEOOOPK DHYPK, U PTSEUFPUYCHYYNUS UETDGEN, U ZPTSENY ZMBBNY, U ZhBLEMPN TBBDPTB Ch PDOPC THLE Y NEYUPN PFNEEOIS Ch DTTKhiba Zres. le Directoroire, T. 1, Pariz, 1829 P 408). pVEEE OBUFTPEOYE VPMSHYOUFCHB VSCCHYI NYZTBOPCH NOPZPPVEEBAE CHSHCHTBYM ZTBZH D "BOFTEZ: "sa UFBOH nBTBFPN LPOFTTECHPMAGYY, S PFTHVMA UFP FSHCHUSU ZPMCH".

{16} oERTENEOOOSCHN HUMPCHYEN RTECHTBEEOIS ZTBZHB rTPCHBOULPZP CH LPTPMS MADPCHHYLB iVIII Y EZP CHUFHRMEOYS CH rBTYTS fBMEKTBO Y bMELUBODT I CHSHCHDCHYOKHMY DBTGHBYF ZHTUGFKBOYE. 6 BRTEMS 1814 ZPDB fBMEKTBO RTPCHEM CH UEOBFE BLF, ZMBUYCHYYK, YUFP PO OE UFBOEF LPTPMEN, DPLPME OE RTYOEUEF RTYUSZH H UPVUFCHEOOOPK CHETOPUFY LPOUFYFYFGFYZYZYFYFGFYS. lPZDB CE CHUFKHRICHYYK 12 BRTEMS CH rBTYTS VTBF LPTPMS, ZTBZH lBTM-zhYMYRR D "bTFHB, RTCHPYZMBUICHYYK UEVS LPTPMECH-ULYN OBNEUFOILPN, PFCHETZMBUICHYYK UEVS LPTPMECH-ULYN OBNEUFOILPNY PFCHETFBOZMYPSY PFCHETZBNPYM PFCHETZBNPYMM EN "VPTSEUFCHEOOPN RTBCHE", bMELUBODT TOYYFEMSHOP CHNEYBMUS PE ZHTBOGKHULYK RPMYFYYUEULYK RTPGEUU Y CHOKHYYM LPTPMECHULPNKH UENEKUFCHH NSHCHUMSH P RTEDPYUFEMSHOPUFY NYTOPZP RPDRYUBOYS CHUEI FTEVKHENSCHI DPLKHNEOPFC.CHPPVEE, TPUUKULYK YNRETBFPT MEMESM CH PFOPEOYY zhTBOGYY CHEUSHNB UCHPEPVTBOSHE UCHPEPVTBOSHE UCHPEPVTBOSHE URMBOSH1BT8PFV RMBOSH1BFF. yTSOPN DE CHYFTPMMEN, HVETSDEOOOSCHN TPSMYUFPN, LPFPTSHCHK PE CHTENS "UFB DOEK" UPVETEF BTNYA CH fKHMKHIE Y CHSHCHUFKHRIF RTPFICH oBRPMEPOB, bMELUBODT RTPYJOEU: "VSHCHFSH NPCEF, TBHNOP HUFTPEOOOBS TEURHVMYLB VPMSHIE UPPFFCHEFUFCHBMB VSH DHIKH ZHTBOGHJPCH? DPMZP OBLIK LETCHIE CHB CHF, OBLIK LETCHER ! (Mémoires et relations politiques du baron de Vitrolles. Paris, 1884. P. 119). , Y'CHEUFOPZP UCHPYNY MYVETBMSHOSHCHNY CHZMSDBNY, Y CH LPOGE LPOGPCH MYYSH OEIPFS UZMBUYMUS UZMBUYMUS UZMBUYMUS UZMBUYMUS UZMBUYMUS ABOUT ZBODIZBCHDBHPr. 14 ZPDB, RTYOYNBS DEMEZBGYA JTBOGKHULYI UEOBFPTPCH, bMELUBODT ʺ̱BSCHYM: "s DTHZ ZHTBOGHULPZP OBTPDB. BFSH zhTBOGYY UYMSHOSHCH Y MYVETBMSHOSCHE YOUFYFHFSHCH, UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE UCHTENEOOCHN HUMPCHYSN, "(MKmoires, prepiska i prepiska sa članom 1-12, Bruxelles, 1837-1839, T. 9, P. 190. LHTU "LPOUFYFKHGYPOOPK DYRMPNBFYY", OBYUBCHYKUS EEE H 1799-1803 ZPBI U DPCHPMSHOP UNEMPZP Y LUGEOFTYUEULPZP RP YNRETULYN NETLBN LURETULYN NETLBN LUREOUTTYNEOFBYPUH, LURETUYNEOFTYNEOFBYPUH, YI TEURHVMYLBOULHA ZHPTNKh RTBCHMEOYS RPD RTPFELFPTTBFPN tPUUYY. FEUFCHEOOPE RTPPMTSEOYE FFPF LKhTU RPMKHYUYM CH LRPIKH TEUFBCHTBGYY (1814- 1820), LPZDB RP YOYGIBFICHE tPUUYY CH PCHPPVPTSDEOOOSCHI PF oBRMEPOB UFTBOBI CHCHPDYMYUSH LPOUFYFKHGIPOOSCHE IB TFYY, CH PVEYI YUETFBI OBRPNYOBCHYE LPOUFGOOFSCHYF n. URETBOULPZP. h tehmshfbfa zhtbogys, zpmbodys, GBTuFChP RPMShulpe, zadržati RPD UEOSH TPUYOKULPZP LTSHMB, BCHEIE OEENEGLYE PAPAYEL TPUII, lpchafchp (vhchyea Lkhtzhadiyuzuuuuilpecht Zebbught, Cehtzuuuilpecht) chp) VBILPA LPTPMECHFCHP (VChchye Zetgpzufchp) Chatfenvetzulpe, RPMHYUMI OPCHHA ZHPTNKH RTBChmeis F O. LPOUFYFKHGYPOOKHA NPOBTIYA DHBMYUFYUEULPZP FIRB: B NPOBTIPN BLTERMSMYUSH PRTEDEMSAEYE RTETPZBFYCHSCHCH UZHETE BLPOPDBFEMSHOPK Y PUPVEOOP YURPMOYFEMSHOPK CHMBUFY, OP CHBTSOEKYK RTBHCHPPPK UPPHPTCHPPK ZPLKPPN PHLJSPN PPLKPP ADCEFE Rafinerija RTYOYNBFSHUS, FPMSHLP RTPKDS HFCHETSDEOYE CH RBTMBNEOFE (UN .: BIBTCH h. a "ChuENIMPUFYCHEKYBS TSBMPCHBOOBS ZTBNPFB TPUUYKULPNKh OBTPDH" 1801 ZPDB CH LPOFELUFE TBCHYFYS LPOUFYFKHGIPOOPK NSHCHUMY H tPUUY ChP CHFPTPK RPMPCHYOE VIII OBYUBME XIX HH.: b ChFPTEZH DYUU LBOD YUF OBKhL N.: nrzhh, 2001.).

LBL VSC FBN OH VSHMP, PFUBUFY RPD DBCHMEOYEN TPUUYKULPZP YNRETBFPTB, PFUBUFY CH KHOIUPO U PVEEUFCHEOOOSCHN NOOYEN Y UPVUFCHEOOOSCHN YOUFYOLFPNVIIISCH, YNRETBFPTB, PFUBUFY CH KHOIUPO U PVEEUFCHEOOOSCHN NOOYEN Y UPVUFCHEOOOSCHN YOUFYOLFPNVIIISCH, RPMYFYUECTSYLZ2PCH 4 ZPDB, RETED UBNSCHN CHUFKHRMEOYEN CH RBTYTS, RPDRYUBM uEOF-hBOULYK NBOYZHEUF OEOBCHYUFOPK LPOUFYFKHGYY), CH LPFPTPN ZPCHPTYMPUSH : “NShch, MADPCHYL, vPTSYEK NYMPUFSHHA LPTPMSH zhTBOGYY Y OBCHBTTSCH, TEYYCH RTYOSFSH MYVETBMSHOHA LPOUFYFKHGYA Y OE UYUYFBS PE ʺ̱NPTSOSCHN RTYOSFUSH FBLNPHEFTGPOHPSH, RTYOSFUSH, FBLNPHEFGPOHPSH DBMSHOEKYI YURTBCHMEOYK, UPSCHCHBEN O 10. YUYUMP YAOS uEOBF Y BLPOPDBFEMSHOSHCHK LPTRHU, PVʺ̱HUŠ RTEDUFBCHYFSH OB YI TBUUNNPFTEOYE TBVPFH, LPFPTHA NSCH CHSHCHRPMOIN CHNEUFE U LPNYUUYEK, CHSCVTBOOPK Yʺ̱ UUFBČB PVPYI FYI HYUTETSDEOYK, Y RPMPTSYFSH CH PUOPCHH LFPC LPOUF YFKHGYY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOHA ZHPTONKHSPY,MPYFEMSHOHA ZHPTONKHSPYFBZF UCHPVPDKh REYUBFY, UCHPPVPDKh UPCHEUFY, OEPFNEOYNPUFSH RTPDBTSY OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHI YNHEEUFCH, UPITBOEOYE rPUEFOPZP MEZYPOB " . 4 YAOS LPTPMEN VSCHMB RPTSBMPCHBOB lPOUFYFKhGYPOOBS IBTFYS, RP LPFPTPK UPDBCHBMUS RBTMBNEOF YJ DCHHI RBMBF: RBMBFSH RTPCH Y RBMBFSH DERHFBFPCH; RBMBFB DERHFBFPCH (LPTPMSh PVMBDBM RTBCHPN EE TPURKHULB) Yʺ̱VYTBMBUSH O RSFIMEFOIK-u UTL NHTSUYOBNY UFBTYE 30 MEF, RMBFYCHYNY OBMPZY OE NEOEE 100,000 CHFUCH ZhPPUBAY (ZhPPUCHY. ZhPPUBAY. I UPLTBFYMPUSH DP 12-15 FSC., B Yʺ̱VYTBENSCHI DP 4-5 FSC . YuEM. ), B rBTMBNEOF FFPF, CHRTPYUEN, YNEM MYYSH BLPOPUPPCHEEBFEMSHOSHCHK IBTBLFET: OH PDOB Y RBMBF OILPZP OE HFCHETSDBMB Y BLPOCH OE RTYOYNBMB (UBUFYUOSCHN CH YULMAYUCEOYEN HFCHETSDBMB) ZCH), B UV. 14-S RTSNP BLTERMSMB BL LPTPMEN RTBCHP TBURTEDEMSFSH CHUE ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHE DPMTSOPUFY. VSCHMY PFNEOEOSCH UPUMPCHOSCHE RTYCHYMEZYY; GEOPUFY, LLURTPRTYYTPCHBOOSCHE X DCHPTSOUFCHB PE CHTENS TECHPMAGIPOOSCHI FTECHPMOEOOYK Y VEUYUYOUFCH, PUFBCHYNUS CH CHPCHTBEBMYUSH DEOSHZBNY (CHUEZP VSCHOPCHMP CHPCHEE HHTEEHBOMP 1). IBTFYS ZBTBOFYTPCHBMB LBTsDPNKh RTBCHP RTYPVTEFBFSH OBGYPOBMSHOPE YNHEEUFCHP, RTBCHP ʺBOINBFSH MAVHA ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOHA DPMTSOPUFSH, UCHPVPDH UPCHEUFY Y TBCZPPVCEPOFY. YOFETEUOPK PUPVEOOPUFSHHA FFPZP LPOUFYFKHGYPOOPZP DPLKHNEOFB VSCHMP YURPMSHʺ̱PCHBOYE FETNYOPCH "HUFHRLB" (koncesija) Y "RPTSBMPCHBOYE" (octroi), UFP RTYDBCHBMPCHBOYE (octroi), UFP RTYDBCHBMPCHBOYE (octroi), UFP RTYDBCHBMPCHBOYE UNSCHUMEOOSCHK IBTBLFET, B FBLCE CHSHTBTSEOIS, CHEOYUBCHYEZP iBTFYA: "DBOB CH rBTYCE CH ZPD PF tPTsDEUFCHB iTYUFCHB 1814- K , GBTUFCHPCHBOYS CE OBYEZP H DECHSFOBDGBFSHK". f. P., TECHPMAGYS Y YNRETYS PVYASCHMSMYUSH LBL VSC Y CHCHUE OE VSCCHYNY: YI CHCHUETLYCHBMB Yʺ̱ PZHYGBMSHOPK RBNSFY ChPUUFBOPCMEOOBS LPTPMECHULS ITPOPMPZYS VKhUNSCHME, P.P. ILB iVIII U 1795 ZPDB, F. E.

{17} sLPVYOGECH LP READING CHUFHRMEOYS MADPCHILB XVIII CH rBTYTS PUFBMPUSH HCE OENOZP, CH UYMH YI DBCHOEZP LPMMELFICHOPZP BbTFB L PFDEMEOYA ZPMCH PF FHMPCHYE DTHZ CHZFBBPSYE BTHZ CHZFBBPSYE DTHZ CHZFBBPSY LUBMSHOBS UIFHBHYS: U PDOPC UFPTPOSCH, ChPCHTBFYCHYYEUS NYZTBOBFSHCH TsBTsDBMY PFNEEOIS PVYD, ChPUUFBOPCHMEOYS TETSYNB 1788 ZPDB Y FTEVPCHBMY VEURPEBDOSCHI TERTEUUIK RP PFOPIEOYA L URPDCHYTSOYLBN LPTUYLBOULPZP Hʺ̱KHTRBFPTB Y "GBTEKHVIKGBN" (F. E. Yumeobn lPOCHEOFB, ZPMPUCHBCHYYN ʺ̱BMS LDPBCHYN LPBMS); U DTKhZPK UFPTPOSCH, UPTBFOILY "NBMEOSHLPZP LBRTBMB" RETETSYMY CH LRPIKH RETCHPK TEUFBCHTBGYY, LBL VSH LFP OH VSHMP RBTBDPLUBMSHOP, UBNSCHK OBUFPSEYK TEOEUUBOU. (!) xDYOP) UFBMY RTBNY. OBYUBMSHOIL ZEOETBMShOPZP YFBVB CHEMYLPK bTNYY VETFSHE Y LPNBOYT 6-ZP LPTRHUB CHEMYLPK bTNYY nBTNPO RTECHTBEBAFUS CH LPNBODYTPCH UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP 5-K Y 6-ZP LPTRHUB CHEMYLPK bTNYY nBTNPO OPCHYFUS CHPEOOSHCHN NYOYUFTPN, xDYOP ZPUHDBTUFHEOOOSCHN NYOYUFTPN, nBLDPOBMShD BUEDBEF CH CHCHUYEN CHPEOOPN UPCHEFE. fBMEKTBO, RTEDBCHYK GETLPCHSH TBDY TECHPMAGYY, TECHPMAGYA TBDY DYTELFPTYY, B DYTELFPTYA TBDY OBRMEPOB, OE UNPZ Y OB FFPF TB RPUFHRYFSHUS RTYOGYRBNY Y'NEOYBCH TBDY DYTELFPTYY, B DYTELFPTYA TBDY OBRMEPOB, OE UNPZ Y OB FFPF TB RPUFHRYFSHUS RTYOGYRBNY Y'NEOYBCH MAJDPLYY, RTYOGYRBNY Y'NEOYMYMYM MSHUFCHE RPUMEDOEZP NYOYUFTPN YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM.

{18} uHMSHF UMHTSYM oBRPMEPOH EEE UP ČITANJE LPOUHMBFB, RTECHTBFYCHYUSH UVBTBBOISNY YNRETBFPTB Y VECHEUFOPZP OPFBTYBMSHOPZP PFTSHULB CH NBTYBMB zhTBOGY Y ZETNGBFUL dBPZ o NPNEOF RECHPZP PFTEYUEOYS vPOBRBTFB UHMSHF LPNBODPCHBM CHUENY ZHTBOGHULYNY BTNYSNY O RYTEOESI. h DERBVTE 1814 ZPDB MADPCHYL OBOBBYUYM EZP CHPEOOSHCHN NYOYUFTPN CHNEUFP VEDBTOPZP Y OEDBMELPZP ZOETBMB DARPOB, Y RETCHPE, YuFP RTEDRTYOSM OEUPUFPSCHYKUS OEUPUFPSCHYKUS DETECHEOFFETSHUFCHUFCHYKUS DETECHEOBUTSHUFFUFF BM, ZETGPZ Y RT, VSHMP RTEDBOYE CHPEOOPNKH UHDH PFUBSOOOPZP LBCHBMETYKULPZP ZOETBMB SHADOW TSPJEZHB LUEMSHNBOUB, PVTBEBSUSH L LPFPTPNKH, OBRPME NA PDOBCDSCH CHPULMYLOHM: "OCHPʺ̱NPTsOP VSHCHFSH VPMEE ITBVTSCHN, YUEN CHS!"

{19} rPJCE, O UChSFPK EMEOE, OBRMEPO RTPDYLFHEF: “dP zTEOPVMS SA VSCHM BCHBOFATYUFPN; CH ZTEOPVME S UFBM RTBCHSEIN RJOGEN.

{20} rBTYTSULYK DPZPCHPT rBTYTSULYK NYT 1814 ZPDB, RPDRYUBOOSHK 30 NBS 1814 ZPDB zhTBOGYEK Y HYUBUFOILBNY YEUFPK BOFYOBRPMEPOPCHULPK LPBMYGYGYY, BBCHUUMYEKTY, YBCUZMYGYEKY, YBCUZMYGYEKY, YBCUZMUYEKYEK LPFPTSCHN RPDOEE RTYUPEDYOYMYUSH YCHEGYS, YURBOIS Y rPTFKhZBMYS. dPZPCHPT HUFBOBCHMYCHBM ZTBOYGSCH zhTBOGYY RP UPUFPSOYA OKO 1 SOCHBTS 1792 ZPDB. ChPUUFBOBCHMYCHBMBUSH OEBCHYUYNPUFSH ZPMMBODYY, yCHEKGBTYY, OENEGLYI LOTSEUFCH Y IFBMShSOULYI ZPUHDBTUFCH (YULMAYUBS ENMY, PFIPDYCHYYE L BCHUFTYY).

{21} 12 000 Pzhigetpch tbospch vhhshmp hchpmeop h kmu kommers na Upitboyen RPMPCHYOOPZP UPDETSBOBIS, više 10,000 pzhygygetpchimyush h pfufbchlh ilbmzlpzp tsb. uFP CE DP CHEFETBOPCH YUYUMB HOFET-PZHYGETPCH Y TSDPCHSCHI, FP UOYNY UFBMY PVTBEBFSHUS OE YOBYUE LBL U OYEINY, CHPCHTENS OE BRBUYNYUS MYGEOYEK O RPUETPYBKOYEK. CHUE CHYDSCH CHPEOOSHCHI BUUIZOPCHBOYK VSCHMY UETSHEP HTEOBOSCH. yEUFOBDGBFSHHA ZPDBNY RPJCE FBLBS RPMYFYLB OBKDEF UCHPE OBNEYUBFEMSHOPE CHSHCHTBTSEOYE CH MPKHOZE, PUEOYCHYEN RTBCMEOYE "LPTPMS-ZTBTSDBOYOB" Y "LPTPMS-VHTBTSDBOYOB" Y "LPTPMS-VHTBTSDBOYOB" Y "LPTPMS-VHTTTSHBOHM" Y "LPTPMS-VHTTTSHBOHM "FYRRBBHBOHM"

{22} fTEIGCHEFOBS LPLBTDB VSCHMB UINCHPMPN TECHPMAGYY, CH FP CHTENS LBL ZETV vKhTVPOCH HLTBYBMY FTY VEMSCHHE MMYYY. O VPOBRBTFYUFCH LFY ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHE UYNCPMSC OECHJOOPUFY RTPYCHPDYMY RTYNETOP UFPMSh TSE OEYYZMBDYNPE CHEYUBFMEOYE, LBLPE RTPIYCHPDYF O VSHLTBENTSRPNBIYCH oEDBTPN PDYO Y RETUPOBTSEK TPNBOB CHYLFPTTB ZAZP "pFCHETTSEOOOSCHE", RTYCHTBFOIL DYOSHULPK TBFKHY, LPZDB PFLBBMUS OBNEOYFSH OBRPMEPOPCHULYI PTMPC O PVPTPFOPCHULYI PTMPC O PVPTPFOPK UFOPTPFOPK UFOPPPPOPK UFOPPPPOPK UFPPZPPPOY TBMSHDYUEULYNY MYMYSNY, UPRTCHPDYM LFH BLGYA IBTBLFETOSHCHN PULPTVMEOYEN: “MHYUYE HNETEFSH, YUEN OPUIFSH O UETDGE FTEI TsBV!” (zaZP h. pFCHETTSEOOSHCH: tPNBO: h 2-I F. f. 1. n., 1988. u. 64). yTPOYS BLMAYUBMBUSH ʺ̱DEUSH CH FPN, UFP GCHEFSHCH Y CHRTSNSH PFDBMEOOP OBRPNYOBMY UIDSEII TsBV, PF LPYI, UZMBUOP OBYVPMEE UBTLBUFYUEULPK Yʺ̱ CHETUYK, Y RTPZEDBOOMSʺ̱KYUK, Y RTPZEDBOOMSʺ̱KYKYUK

{23} uEFSCHTEIMEFOYK USHCHOYYLB oBRPMEPOB, TSPEZH zhTBOUKHB yBTMSH vPOBRBTF YMY, VPMEE CHEMYUEFCHEOOP, OBRPMEPO II FYFHMPCHBMUS LPTPMEN TYNB, PDOBLP C TYNPMN, PDOBLP C TYNPMN, DTBZCHPTBM OE RTBZCHPPYM OE RTBZCHPPYPM DEDB, YNRETBFPTB BCHUFTYKULPZP zhTBOGB I. FEN Y CHRYUBM UCHPE YNS CH YUFPTYUEULYE BOOBMSCH.

{24} ChPUUFBOYE EZP NBTYBMPCH 31 NBTFB 1814 ZPDB UPAOSHE CHPKULB CHUFKHRIMY CH RBTYTS. obRPMEPO, UPVTBCH 60-FSCHUSYUOKHA BTNYA, HEDYOYMUS CH EBNLE zhPOFEOVMP Y RTYZPFPCHYMUS L VPA. 4 BRTEMS CH YNRETBFPTULYE RPLPY SCHYMYUSH NBTYBMSCH OEK, hDYOP, INTERCHT, nBLDPOBMSHD Y nPOUEK (CH LBVYOEFE HCE OBMYUEUFCHPCHBMY OBYUBMSHOIL ZEOETBMSHOPZBTU ZEOETBMSHOPZMBTU, BFBMSHOPZMBTU FCHEOOOSCHK UELTEFBTSH nBTE (ZETGPZ vBUUBOP), NYOYUFT YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM NBTLY DE LPMEOLHT Y DCHPTGPCHSHCHK NBTYBM VETFTBO). oBRMEPO Yʺ̱MPTSYM RMBO RPIPDB O RBTYC. nBTYBMSCH NPMYUBMY. oblpoeg RP RTPYEUFCHY OEULPMSHLP RPDBFSOKHCHYEKUS NYOHFSHCH NBTYBMSHULPZP NPMYUBOYS TbshchZTBMBUSH UMEDHAEBS ZETPYLP-FTBZYUEULBS UGEOLB.

oBRMEPO (RBFEFYUEULY): sa RTYʺ̱PCHH BTNYA!

oEK ​​(DETYLP): zPUHDBTSH, BTNYS OE UDCHYOEFUS U NEUFB.

oBRMEPO (CHMBUFOP): POB RPCHYOHEFUS NOE.

oEK ​​(OERPYUFYFEMSHOP): ZPUHDBTSh, POB RPCHYOHEFUS UCHPYN ZEOETBMBN.

oBRMEPO (YJKHNMEOOP): uEZP TSE ChSch IPFYFE, ZPURPDB?

oEK ​​Y hDYOP (IPTPN): pFTEYUEOYS.

rP OELPFPTSCHN UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHBN, OEK BYEM CH UCHPEN NSFETSOPN UCHPCHPMYY EEE DBMSHIYE CHCHUPLPNETOP VTPUYM OBRPMEPOH: “OE VPKFEUSH, NSHCH OE UPVYTBENUS RPCHFPTYFOUTGE UCHPCHPMYY UCHPCHPMYY” YBUFSH RBCHMB I, CHETULY HVYFPZP UCHPYNY RPDSBOOSCHNY CH UCHP TSE UPVUFCHEOOPN ʺ̱BNLE. oBRMEPO PFRHUFYM NBTYBMPCH Y, PUFBCHYUSH U lPMEOLKHTPN, OBRYUBM BSCHMEOYE P UCHP HUMPCHOPN PFTEYUEOYY CH RPMSHSHCHOB RTY TEZEOFUFCHE nBTYY mHYSHCH. pDOBLP NBTYBM nBTNPO RPD RPLTPCHPN OPYUY PFRTBCHYM UPVUFCHEOOOSCHK OYUEZP OE RPDPTECHBAEYK LPTRHU CH TBURPMPTSEOYE BCHUFTYKGECH, Y, LPZDB 5 BRTEMEDPOLMS OEK, bLUPMEDPOLMS OEKHMDFYL BODTPN H TBUUHTSDEOYY HYUTETSDEOYS TEZEOFUFCHB, UUSCHMBSUSH O OERPLPMEVYNHA RTEDBOOPUFSH CHPKUL ZHTBOGHULPNH YNRETBFPTH, GBTSh PFCHEFUFCHPCHBM YN: “BCBRPMBOZB TD o FPMSHLP UFP RETEEM O OPĆIM UFPTS. h LFH NYOHFH PO HTS O OBYI RPYGISI. eEE RTYNETOP UHFLY obrpmepo ZTEIM RETEOYEOYEN CHPKOSHCH CH RBTFIYBOULHA VEULPOEYUOPUFSH bb mHBTK, OP 6 BRTEMS RPD DBCHMEOYEN PLTHTSBAEYI RPDRYUBM BLF PFTEYUEOYS. lBL NEFLP ʺ̱BNEFIYM ZHTBOGKHULYK YUFPTYL cBL VEOCHIMSH, 4 BRTEMS 1814 ZPDB LFP 18. VTANETB CH RETECHETOHFPN CHIDE.

OE Umedhef, Chrtpyuen, DKHNBFSH, UFP umhyuyms urpofboop, Wind Mygpn LTBIb Y Y Y Pdopzp FPMSHLP TSEMBOIS Urbufy Uchpa Chdpmsh y Rpretel RTPDSCCHTSchmeoOha Rhmsny y Ryl bny nbtybmshulha ylh Th. CHUS LBNRBOYS 1814 ZPDB LFP URMPYOPK BLF OERPCHYOPCHEOYS HUFBCHYI RPMLPCPDGECH UCHPENH EEE VPDTSEENHUS YNRETBFPTH. nBTYBM INTERCHT PDOBCDSCH RTYMADOP TBTBTSBEFUS CHRPMOE DPUFPKOPC TBUUFTEMMB FYTBDPK: “FFPF ʺ̱BNHITSHCHLB OE VHDEF DPCHPMEO, RPLB OBU CHUI DP PDOPZP OE RETEVSHAF!” nBTYBM nBLDPOBMShD PFLTSCHFP PFLBSCHCHBEFUS YDFY O YFKhTN CHYFTY, LTYUB vPOBRBTFFKh: “TYULKHKFE UCHPEK ZCHBTDYEK, EUMY IPFIFE, B NPY CHPKULB UEKYUHFPSOY UEKYFBY CHUHFPSOY UEKFBY CHYUHFPSOY UEKFBY PUHFPSOY! nBTYBM pCETP OBUFPMSHLP OE UREYYF VTBFSH TSEOECHKH, YuFP obrpmepo FTEVHEF PF nBTYY mHYYSCH (!) BTNYEK (!!!), OP CHUE OBRTBUOP. oEDBTPN YNRETBFPT zhTBOGYY VTPUYF OEEBDPMMZP DP OBUFKHRMEOYS O mBPO Ch NBTFE 1814 ZPDB ZHTBKH, CH LPFPTPK, CHRTPYUEN, OEF OY ZTBOB CHSHCHUYEK URTBCHEFTODMYO FDKHLPHPLYK FDKHZPYO I RPNPEOYLPCH, LBL X NEOS.

{25} p ITBVTPUFY oES UN. CH LOYSE OEULPMSHLYNY UFTBOIGBNY OYCE. ChPF RBTB-FTPKLB IBTBLFETOSCHHI RTYNETCH. 14 PLFSVTS 1805 ZPDB oEK Ch RPMOPK RBTBDOPK ZHPTNE RPCHEM MYFOSCHHE TPFSCH 6-ZP MEZLPZP Y 39-ZP MOYEKOPZP REIPFOSCHHI RPMLCH OB RPVEDPOPUOSCHK YFKhNEFTBTEH RPVEDPOPUOSCHK YFKhNEFTBTEH RPVKHTPBTEH RPVHTPBTE ZBOOSCHN LBTFEYUOSCHN PZOEN BCHUFTYKULPK VBFBTEY, RETED FYN MYUOP CHPZMBCHYCH UBRETCH, CHPUUFBOBCHMYCHBCHYI TBUUFTEMSOOSCHK NPUF. YuETE OEULPMSHLP DOK OEK TEYFEMSHOSCHN YFHTNPN PCHMBDEM CHSHCHUPFBNY, ZPURPDUFCHPCHBCHYNY OBD LTERPUFSHHA hMShN; Y LPZDB NBTYBM mBOO U FTECHPZPK ʺBNEFYM oBRPMEPOH: “OK PDYO DETEFUS RTPFICH CHUEK BCHUFTYKULPK BTNYY!” L FPMSHLP BCHIDYF EZP. CHPEOOSHCHK RJUBFEMSH RPMLPCHOIL Zh. METSEO FBL PRYUSCHCHBEF oES RTY vPTPDYOE: “nBTYBM VSCM RTELTBUEO: URPLPKOP UFPSM ON O RBTBRFE PDOPZP Y TEDHFPCH Y LPNBODPCHBM UTTBTSBCHYNYUS, FPMRYCHYNYUS H EZCHYNYOZYOF YNPFE ʺ̱DKHYNYOZ YNPZP SHCH, LPZDB EZP BLCHPMBLYCHBMY ZHUFSHCHE LMHVSHCH DSHCHNB "(OBDP RPMBZBFSH, CH PFUHFUCHYE LMHVPCH DSHNB ZETPK LFPZP PRYUBOYS UMHTSYM MBLPNSCHN PTYEOFYTPN DMS THUULYI VBFBTEK).

xCE VHDHYUY O PUFTPCHE uChSFPK EMEOSHCHK, TBDPUBDPCHBOOSCHK, UFTBDBAEYK TBUYUEFMYCHP Yʺ̱VYTBFEMSHOPK BNOEYEK, PVTAYZYK DHYPK Y FEMPN LLU-YNRETBFFPT LLU-YNRETBFFPT RTUMKPCHFPDYLFFPY: “ YLPN FTHUMYCHSHCHK CH RPTBTSEOYY. yNEOOP PO RTYUYOB FPZP, UFP NSCH PLBBMYUSH DEUSH. oBRMEPO, CHYDYNP, GBVSCHM UCHPY TS UPVUFCHEOOOSCHE UMPCHB, BDTEUPCHBOOSCHE oEA RTY ZhTYDMBODE: “FP SWORD, B OE YuEMPCHEL!” oBRMEPO FBLTSE, CHYDYNP, VBVSCHM Y DTHZYE UCHPY UMPCHB, ULBBOOSCHE LPNBODYTH 3-ZP LPTRHUB CHEMYLPK bTNY, RTPVYCHYENKHUS CH uNPMEOUL U PUFBFLBNY RTPULCHEDYPSHEZP PUFBFLBNY RTPULPHEDYPSHEZP RPULBBYEDYHEZP ZBTDB: "iTBVTEKYK UTEDY ITBVTSCHI!"

{26} lBNRBOIS zPZEOMYODEOOB yNEEFUS CH CHYDH UTBTSEOYE 2-3 DElbVTS 1800 ZPDB H NEUFEYULB zPZEOMYODEO (CHETOEE, iPYOMYODEO) H 32 LN CHPUFPYOOEE NAOIEOB, ZDEMSTEBSHEOBETNY ZDEMSTEBHEBETNY YLFPTTB nPTP OBZPMPCH TBVIMB BCHUFTYKGEC RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN LTGZETGPZB yPBOOB Y ZEOETBMB VBTPOB RBHMS LTBS, PFLTSCHCH UEVE RTSNPC RHFSH O CHEOKH Y RPUFBCHYCH F. P. RPVEDOHA FPYULH CHP CHFPTPK BCHUFTP-ZhTBOGHULPK CHPKOE, BLPOYUYCHYEKUS CH ZHECHTBME 1801 ZPDB RPDRYUBOYENSH BPPN BPPZCHYBOYENSH BPPN BPPZCHUBOYENSH BPPN IZHTBOGKHULPK LPBMYGYY. OEK PFMYUIMUS CH FFPN VPA CHNEUFE U FTENS DTHZYNY ZEOETTBMBNY ZTHY, TYYRBOUPN Y DELBOPN.

{28} OKEK VSHCHM TSEOBF U 5 BCHZHUFB 1802 ZPDB O bZMBE MHYE PZSHE (1782-1854), LPFPTBS PUYBUFMYCHYMB "ITBVTEKYYZP Y' ITBVTSCHI" YuEFSHTSHNS-HYE PZSHE OOPK URHFOYGEK CHRMPFSH DP UBNPZP LPOGB EZP FTBZYYUEULY PVPPTCHBCHYEKUS TSOYOY.

{29} ZPDCHPK DPIPD oES UPUFBCHYM 628,000 ZhTBOLPCH (DMS UTBCHOEOYS: ZPDPPK DPIPD VETFSHE 1,354,945 ZhT. ChRTPYuEN, Y 628.000 ZHTBOLCH FPCE OERMPIP.

{30} bVBCHOBS DEFBMSh: LPZDB Ch 1813 ZPDH nyema oEA VSCHM RPTsBMPCHBO FYFHM LOS nPULPCHULPZP (nPULCCHPTEGLPZP), VSHMP HCE UCHETIEOOOP SUOP, UFP EDYOUFCHEOOBS CHOPZPTSOFYOFI HPZPTSOFY OF HOUSE RBTFYBOULYE CHYMSCH CH PFPEBCHYK Y PVNPTPTSEOOSCHK ZHTBOGKHULYK VPL; RPFPPNH UREGYBMSHOP DMS OPCHPYUREYUEOOPZP LOS S VSHM CHSHDEMEO LHUPL FETTYFPTYY CH DERBTFBNEOFE rp (yFBMYS), LPFPTSCHK OBSHCHCHBMUS "LOTSEUFCHPN nPULPCHLPPUGSTOM" YPPZHLPBPMZZTP ULPCHLPFPZM HYUBM RTYUYFBAEYKUS ENH DPIPD.

{31} IRILFEF (TBVULBS LMYULB, VHLCH. "rTYLHRMEOOSHK") (PL. 50 PL. 140) ZTEYUEULYK ZHYMPUPZH-UFPYL, RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH rPDOEK UFPY. TBV PDOPZP YJ ZHBCHPTYFCH oETPOB, RPDOEE CHPMSHOPPFRHEOOIL. UMHYBM MELGIY UFPYLY nHUPOYS TKHZHB. rPUME Y'ZOBOYS ZHYMPUPZHPCH Y' TYNB YNRETBFPTPN dPNYGIBOPN CH 89 Z. RPUEMYMUS CH OYLPRPME (URYT), ZDE HYUM ZHYMPUPJY CH VUEEDBI Y HMYUOSCHI URPTBI UPL RPZBP YNETHN MA. LBL Y UPLTBF, OYUEZP OE RYUBM; TSYM CH LTBKOEK VEDOPUFY. zhYMPUPZHULYE VEUEDSCH-RTPRCHEDY URILFEFB UPITBOYMYUSH CH BRYUY EZP HUEOILB zhMBCHYS bTTIBOB. h GEOPTE YI PVTEFEOYE Y HDETSBOYE FBLPK OTBCHUFCHEOOOPK RPIIGYY, RTY LPFPTPK Yuempchel Ch MAVSHCHI HUMPCHYSI (VPZBFUFCHB YMY OYEEFSHCH, CHMBUFYFEMSHUFCHEBUCHB YMBUFYFEMSHUFCHEBUCHBYOOBY OBUFYFEMSHUFCHEBUCHOOBY OF HOUSE) NPUFSH PF LFYI HUMPCHYK Y DHIPCHOHA UCHPVPDH. DMS LFZP PO, YuEMPCHEL, DPMTSEO TBDEMYFSH CHUE CHUE Y DMB O BCHYUSEYE PF OEZP Y OE BICHYUSEYE, CH RETCHSHHI NHTSEUFCHEOOP YURPMOSFSH UCHPK DPMZ CHPRTELY CHUENKH, YFPTSHTPCHFB BULEFYUEULBS NPTBMSH URILFEFB, B FBLTSE CHOEYOSS ZHPTNB EZP DYBFTYV PE NOPZPN VMYLLY ITYUFYBOULPK RTPRPCHEDY.

'DEUSH YNEEFUS CH CHYDH BZHPTY'N 'RYLFEFB, HRPFTEVMEOOOSCHK ZHYMPUPZHPN CH Y'MAVMEOOPN YN LPOFELUFE. ZPCHPTS P FPN, UFP DPVTSHCHK Y YUEUFOSHCHK YUEMPCHEL CHCHYE UMMPZP Y VEUYUEUFOPZP, RYLFEF YMMAUFTYTHEF LFH NSHCHUMSH UMEDHAEIN BTYNETPN: “LPZDB UPLTBFB PUHDYMFE UMPTBFB PUHDYMY, DMP P UHDEK Y HVYKG", B BLFEN DPVBCHMSEF: "dB CEDSH LPZDB REFHIY DETHFUUS, FP UYUYFBAF RPVEYFEMEN FPZP REFHIB, LPFPTSCHK CHSM CHETI OBD DTHZYNY, IPFS VSC NA UBN VSCHM CHEUSH Yʺ̱TBEO. b YJ DCHHI MADEK LFP RPVEDIFEMSH: FPF MY, LPFPTSCHK NHYUYF Y HVYCHBEF DTHZPZP, YMY FPF, LFP FETREMICHP YOE UETDSUSH RETEOPUYF UCHPY NHYUEOYS Y UNETFSH? LFP YOYI ŠTA ŠTA? rPYENH FS RTBCHIMSHOP UHDYYSH P REFHIIE-RPVEDYFEME, B P YUEMPCHELE-RPVEDYFEME OE HNEEYSH TBUUHDYFSH?” (yRILFEF. h Yuen GENERAL VMBZP? ybtbooshchmy TYNULPZP NHDTEGB [bzmbchye y retechpd ch.z. yETFLPCHB] // tYNULIE UFPYLY: uEOELB, rylfef, nbtl bchtemyk, at.19n.81).

{32} 2 NBS 1813 ZPDB X MAFGEOB (ATSOEE MEKRGYZB) OBRMEPO PDETSBM UETSHEHOHA FBLFYUEULHA RPVEDH OBD THUULP-RTKHUULYNY CHPKULBNY RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN r. I. CHYFZEOYFEKOB Y CHSCHOHDYM YI PFUFHRYFSH bb LMSHVKH (CH OENEGLPK YUFPTYPZTBZHYY MAFGEOULPE UTBTSEOIE YOPZDB YNEOHHEFUS UTBTSEOEN RTY zTPUU-zetyoe). yUFPTYLY TBUIPDSFUS H PGEOL RPOEOOOSCHI UFPTPOBNY RPFESH: FBL, OBRTYNET, EUMY CHETYFSH OBHYUOP-RPRHMSTOPK LOYSE h. 12.000 Yuem. (VEYBOPH dio yEUFSHDEUSF UTBTSEOIK oBRPMEPOB. NYOL, 2000. na. 395); CH FP TSE CHTENS d. yUBODMET, OEUTBCHOYNP VPMEE BUMKHTSYCHBAEYK DPCHETYS, RTYCHPDYF UMEDHAEIE GYZHTSCH: ZHTBOGKHULYE RPFETY OE NEOEE 20,000 HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOEOSCHNY, FHOESCHNY, 0hF000000000000000000000011.500 DP 20.000 HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOOEOSCHNY (yuBODMET d. ChPEOOSH LBNRBOY OBRMEPOB. FTYKHNZH Y FTBZEDYS OBCHPECHBFEMS: nPOPZTBZHYS. n., 1999. u 539). l 20 000 U PVEYI UFPTPO ULMPOSEPHUS Y b. ChBUF (YUFPTYS XIX CHELB RPD TED. RTPZH. MBCHYUUB Y tBNVP. f. 2. n., 1938. na. 294). y'CHEUFOSHCHK UPCHEFULYK CHPEOOSHCHK UVBFYUFYL v. KhTMBOYU PGEOYCHBEF RPFETY ZHTBOGKHʺ̱PCH CH 20,000 KHVYFSHCHNY Y TBOEOSCHNY, RPFETY UPAOYILPCH H 12,000 (khTMBOYU in. EOIE ECHTPRSCH MADULYE RPFETY CHPPTHYTPYM HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOEOSCHNY, RPFETY UPAOYILPCH H 12,000 (khTMBOYU in. EOIE ECHTPRSCH MADULYE RPFETY CHPPTHYTPYM HVYFSHCHNY U CHPPTHYTPYM H (YUFPTYLP-UFBFYUFYUEULPE YUUMEDPCHBOYE), urV., 1994, str. 81); RTYNETOP FBL CE RPMBZBEF Y PYUECHYDEG UPVSCHFIK b. tsPNYOY: UPAOYILY PF 12.000 DP 15.000, ZHTBOGKHSHCH VPMEE 20.000 (CH F. Yu. LTRKHU oES 12.000) POB. urV., 1844. J. 3. na 58). RP NOOYA ZHPO LENNETETTB, UPAOYOLY MYYYMYUSH 11.500 Yuem. (CH F. Yu. PLPMP 10.000 HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOOEOSCHNY), ZHTBOGKHSHCH 22.000, CHLMAYUBS 15.000 Yb LPTRHUB oES; mBOTEBL CE RTYUHTSDBEF ZHTBOGHBN 18.000 Yuem., Yb Oyi 12.000 3-NH LPTRKHUH (Posljednji pohod Loraine Petre F. Napoleona u Njemačkoj 1813. London, 1974. P. 89). em (U. 79), YOYI HVYFSHNY 7500 (U. 515).

YUIPDS Y CHUEZP ULBBOOPZP, OEFTHDOP RPOSFSH, ULPMSH OEOBDETSOPE DEMP YUFPTYS Y DP LBLPK UFEROY DPUFPKOSHCH DPCHETYS YUFPTYLY. ChRTPYUEN, LBL VSC FBN OY VSCMP, OILFP OE UFBOEF PFTYGBFSH, UFP PUOPCHOPK HDBT RTYYEMUS OB 3-K LPTRHU CHEMYLPK bTNYY, LPFPTSHCHN LPNBODPCHBM NBTYBM OEK.

20-21 NBS 1813 ZPDB Kh vBKHGEOB (UBLUPOULYK ZPTPDPL OB ZTBOYFOSCHHI ULBMBI RTBCHPZP VETEZB T. yrTEE, CH VBUUEKOE MMSHVSCH) CHPKULB oBRPMEPOB (DP 163.00E UP0YU0,00 163.00 2008) CHBMETYY, RTY 350 PTHDYSI) RTECHPUIPDSEYNY REIPFOSHNY UYMBNY PDETSBMY CHFPTKHA OBBYUYFEMSHOHA RPVEDH ʺ̱B MEKRGYZULHA LBNRBOYA OBD THUULP-RTKHUULPK UPAOPK BTNYEK RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN r. I. CHYFZEOYFEKOB (DP 96.000 Yuem., Yb Oyi DP 24.000 LBCHBMETYY, RTY 610 PTHDYSI). YUFPTYLYY Y DEUSH TBUIPDSFUS CH PGEOLE RPFESH: b. CHBUF, OBRTYNET, RPMBZBEF, UFP ZHTBOGKHSHCH RIHDEMY OKO 12.000, B UPAYOYLY OKO 18.000 Yuem. (YUFPTYS XIX CHELB, F. 2, U. 295), deo VEYBOPC HFCHETSDBEF FP CE UBNPE, FPMSHLP OBPVPTPF (U. 400-401), UPMYDBTYYTHSUSH, OBDP RPMBZBFSh, U o. b. pTMPCCHN, PRTTEDEMSAEIN GYZHTTH UPAOYYUEULYI RPFETSCH CH 12.000 Yuem. (6400 THUULYI Y 5600 RTHUUBBLCH), OE UYUYFBS MEZLPTBOEOSCHI, B ZHTBOGHULYI CH OE NEOEE YUEN 18.000 Yuem. Y 2 PTHDYS (pTMCH o. b. vBKhGEOULPE YMY chKhTYEOULPE UTBTSEOIE (8 (20) Y 9 (21) NBS 1813 Z.). urV., 1883. u 16); d. uBODMET RTYUKHTSDBEF LBTsDPK YU UFPTPO RP 20.000 CHCHVSHCHCHYI YU UFTPS (U. 545); RP NOEOIA w. MPTEKOB REFTB, UPAYOYLY MYYYMYUSH 10,850 Yuem. (str. 136); RP RPDUYUEFBN c. hTMBOYUB, RPFETY U PVEYI UFPTPO UPUFBCHYMY 32.000 Yuem. (D. 79), YOYI HVYFSHNY 13.000 (D. 515). rP PGEOLBN o. b. meCHYGLPZP, RPD MAFGEOPN Y vBKhGEOPN obrpmepo Ch PVEEK UMPTSOPUFY RPFETSM HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOESCHNY 40.000 Yuem., UPAOYLY PLPMP 24.000 Yuem.; FBLHA TBOYGH H RPFETSI YUFPTYL CHRPMOE URTBCHEDMYCHP PVYASUOSEF RPDBCHMSAEIN RETECHUEUPN UPAOPK BTFYMMETYY Y UMBVPUFSHHA ZHTBOGHULPK LPOOYGSC (MECHYGLYK o. b. RPMEPPULPCHPDY o. b. RPMEPPULPCHPDY o. 938. na 215). iBTBLFETOP CHPULMYGBOYE OBRPMEPOB O YUIPDE LFPC RPVEDPPUOPK CHYLFPTYY: “fBLBS VPKOS Y OILBLYI TEHMSHFBFPCH!” ZMBHOSHCHN CHYOPCHOYLPN PFUHFUFCHYS PLPOYUBFEMSHOSCHI TEHMSHFBFPCH, VEUURPTOP, UMEDHEF UYUYFBFSH NBTYBMB oES, LPNBODPCHBCHYEZP UCHETOSHCHN LTSHKKN LTSHK3Y-2-KFO5-7 LBCHBMETYKULYK LPTRHUB RMAU DYCHYYS MEZLPK LBCHBMETYY) UPDBOOPC OEBDPMZP DP LFPZP EDYOPK " BTNYY MMSHVSCH". ChNEUFP FPZP YuFPVShch, RP UPCHEFKh UCHPEZP OBYUBMSHOILB YFBVB VBTPOB tsPNYOY, UFTENIFEMSHOPK BFBLPK TBUUEYUSH FSMShch UPAOYLPCH Y PFTEEBFSH YN RHFSHCHO YFBVB VBTPOB tsPNYOY, UFTENIFEMSHOPK BFBLPK TBUUEYUSH FSMShch UPAOYLPCH Y PFTEEBFSH YN RHFSH L PFUFHRME TFUFHRME B CH OBRTBCHMEOYY UFTBFEZYYUEULY CHBTsOPK IPILYTIEOULPK LPMPLPMSHOY, OEK UFBM FETREMYCHP PTSYDBFSH OEUKHEEUFCHHAEYI RTYLBBOIK YY NRETBFPTULPK UVBCHLY J RTYVSCHFIYS 7- ZP LPTRHUB TEKOŠE, TBUIPDHS CHUE UCHPY UYMSCH O VEUUNSHUMEOOP UBNPKHVYKUFCHEOOOSCHK ZHTPOFBMSHOSHCHK OBFYUL RTPFYCH UIMSHOSCHI HLTERMEOYK DETECHOY RTBCFIG. l FPNKh READING, LPZDB OBLPOEG 5-K LPTRHU RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN ZEOETTBMB cBLB mPTYUFPOB DPRMEMUS DP RPYGYK LOS nPULPCHULPZP, CHSCHSUOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDOCHBOYEN ZEOETTBMB cBLB mPTYUFPOB DPRMEMUS DP RPYGYK LOS nPULPCHULPZP, CHSCHSUOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDOYMPUSH, UFP RPUMEDORPYCHEZP U UPNSFFYCHRPYPHLPYFGPYPPM ; U FTHDPN oEA Y mPTYUFPOH HDBMPUSH PFVYFSH UPVUFCHEOOOSCHE YUIPDOSCHHE THVETSY, OP PVB POI FBL Y BUFTSMY RETED SMPRPMHYUOPK OENEGLPC DETECHEOSHLPK CHRMPFSH DPGB UNPZPP LDP UBNPZPP

26-27 BCHZHUFB 1813 ZPDB RTY dTEDEOE OBRMEPO OBOEU UETSHEOPE RPTBTSEOYE PVYADYOEOOSHCHN THUULP-RTKHUULYN (RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN ZEOETTBMB n. v. v. v. vBTMBMBS-DE-fPMMBS-DE-fPMMBS-DE) OS yCHBTGEOVETZB) ChPKULBN, CHSHCHOHDYCH YI PFPKFI L tKHDOSCHN ZPTBN. yUBODMET PGEOYCHBEF PVEYE RPFETY UPAOYOLPCH ZDE-FP CH 38.000 Yuem. (PDOPNKh FPMShLP NATBFKh RPRBMP CH RMEO 13.000 OEUYUBUFOSCHHI), RPFETY ZHTBOGKHʺ̱PCH CH TBKPOE 10.000 (U. 554); RP NOEOIA b. ChBUFB, RPFETY ZHTBOGHHHCH Y UPAOYLPCH VSCHMY RPYUFY TBCHOSCH (RTYNETOP RP 10.000 Yuem.), OP UPAOYLY PUFBCHYMY CH THLBI oBRPMEPOB 15.000, RMEOOSCHI WFPHDY Y 40.30 HFP 19. 2); VEYBOPCH CE RPMBZBEF, YuFP Y UFTPS CHSHVSHCHMP VPMEE 20.000 UPAOYILCH Y CHFTPE NEOSHIE ZHTBOGKHCHCH (U. 407-408). rPUMEDOEE NOOYIE IPTPYP UPZMBUKHEFUS U RPDUYUEFBNY ​​v. KhTMBOYUB, UYUYFBAEEZP, UFP Ch DTE'DEOULPK RETEDEMLE U PVEYI UFPTPO RPMEZMP 27,000 UNETFOSCHHI (U. 79), YJ OII OBCHEYUOP 6800 (U. 515). h FFK VBFBMYY OEK KHUREYOP LPNBODPCHBM UCHPDOPK CHPKULPPK LPMPOOPK YJ DCHHI DYCHYYK uFBTK ZCHBTDYY CH GEOPTE Y O MECHPN ZHMBOZE.

16-19 PLFSVTS 1813 ZPDB RPD MEKRGYZPN PVYAEDOEOOSCHE THUULP-RTKHUULP-BCHUFTP-YCHEDULYE ChPKULB RPD PVEIN LPNBODPCHBOYEN LOS'S yChBTGEOVETZB OBOEMPEOUTBEOUTSABY OBOEOUTBEOUTPFSN ATIONAL EMEOE BNEFYCHYEZP RP LFPNH RPCHPDH LTBFLP Y RTSNPMYOEKOP: “16 PLFSVTS PVE BTNY UPYMYUSH O RPME UTBTSEOIS RPD Mekrgyzpn. Jtbogkhulbs btnys chshymb rpveyfemshoyk "), ufp rpchmelmp jb upvpk puchpppptsdeoye zetnboy y zpmmbodyy pf zhtboghulpzp rtyuhfufchys y tburbd lbtnboop- delptbfichopzp tekoulpzpp upAb . YuYUMP HYBUFOILPCH LFPK NOPZPOBGYPOBMSHOPK VBFBMYY RTYVMYTSBMPUSH L 500.000 Yuem. y FYI RSFYUPF FSHCHUSYU LPBMYGYPOOSCHE CHPKULB UPUFBCHMSMY 305.000 Yuem. RTHY 1335 PTHDYSI (THUULP-RTHUULP-BCHUFTYKULBS vPZENULBS BTNYS 133.000 Yuem. PTHDYSI, UECHETOBS BTNYS 58.000 Yum RTY 256 PTHDYSI, THUULBS 256 PTHDYSI, THUULBS 256 PTHDYSI, THUVEOO4 BTNYS06 JUEM 06. SI, BCHUFTYKULYK LPTRKHU YETPOYNB lPMMPTEDP 8000 Yuem.RTY 24 PTHDYSI; US OBHYUOSCHN EDYOPDHYYEN: FBL, d. ULBS BTNYS yChBTGEOVETZB OBUYUYFSHCHCHBMB 203.000 UPMDBF, UYMEULBS BTNYS vMAIETB 54.000, B UCHETOBS BTNYS 85.000 (U. 560)). uFSOHFSHCHE L MEKRGYZH ZHTBOGHULYE UYMSCH PGEOYCHBAFUS CH 177 500 Yuem. Y RPYUFY 700 PTHDYK, OE UYUYFBS PTSYDBCHYIUS O RPDIPDE 7-ZP LPTRHUB TEKOSHE (14.000 Yuem.) Y DYCHYYY YY 3-ZP LPTRHUB (4700 Yuem.) (U YuBODMET. 4700) (d. fBMBOFMYCHSHCHK BOZMYKULYK CHPEOOSHK YUFPTYL zhTIOUYU MPTEKO REFT (1852-1925) CH UCHPEK NPOPPZTBZHYY 1912 ZPDB "rPUMEDOSS LBNRBOYS oBRPMEPOB CH ZETNBOY-PNBJF NJ 1852-1925" TPYCHEDEOOOSCHK TBUIPPD RHYYUOPZP NSUB: RTHUUBLY RPFETSMMY 16 033 Yuem., THUULIE 22 605 Yuem., BCHUFTYKGSCH 14,958 YuEM., YCHEDSCH (UBNSCHHE ULTPNOSCHEY LPOPNOSHCH VPKGSCH) 178 Yuem., YFPZP RPFETY UPAOYLPCH 53,784 Yuem. (O UBNPN DEME YFPZPCHBS UHNNB HLBBOOSCHI ʺDEUSH RPFETSH UPUFBCHMSEF 53 774 Yuem.); ZHTBOGKHSHCH TSE RPFETSMY HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOEOSCHNY 38 000 Yuem., RMEOOSHCHNY 15 000 Yuem.-RETEVETSUILBNY 5000 Yuem., YFPZP 73 000 Yuem. (Posljednji pohod Loraine Petre F. Napoleona u Njemačku 1813. London, 1974. P. 382-383) SHNY, ZHTBOGKHJPCH H VPMEE YUEN 38.000 KHVYFSHCHNY Y TBOOEOSCHNY (LTPNE FPPKFZP, 1974, 1974). ,000 ZhTBOGKhJPCH; LTPNE FPZP, 5000 ZETNBOULYI UPMDBF RETEYMY O UFPTPOH ChTBZB ChP CHTHENS UTBTSEOIS; LTPNE FPZP, OBRMEPO PUFBCHYM CHTBZH 325 RHYEL, V. Yu. CHRTPUYEN, DPVBCHMSEF YUFPTYL, CHSCHSUOYFSH FPUOSCHE GYZHTSCH RPFETSCH OE RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS CHPNPTSOSCHN (U. 569). rP NOOEOYA h. h. (CH PDOPC FPMSHLP NSUPTKhVLE O HMYGBI MEKRGYZB VSCHMP RETEBOP 13.000) Y 325 PTHDYK (CH PVEHA GYZHTH CHLMAYUBAFUS FBLTS 11.000 RMEOOSCHI), UPAOYLY 5 UCH4CH.00 (D. 424). b. ChBUF RPMBZBEF, YuFP Ch PVEEK UMPTSOPUFY RBMP VPMEE 130.000 Yuem., Ch F. Yu. PLPMP 50.000 ZHTBOGKHJPCH (YY OII 13.000 CH ODBOYSI MEKRGYZB), OE UU UUYFK0000 ZHTBOGKHJPCH0 RMEOOOSCHI JTBOGKHULYI UPMDBF (YUFPTYS XIX CHELB, F 2, U. 306). O. b. MECHYGLYK PGEOYCHBEF RPFETY OBRPMEPOB CH RTYNETOP 60 000 Yuem. Y 325 PTHDYK, RPFETY UPAYOYLPCH ZDE-FP CH 80.000 Yuem. (D. 233). RP RPDUYUEFBN c. KhTMBOYUB, RPD MEKRGYZPN Y CH UBNPN MEKRGYSE RPMEZMP HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOEOSCHNY 125,000 Yuem. (U. 79), JOYI HVYFSHCHNY 35,000 (U. 515; HFPYuOSS TBUUYUYFBOOKHA RP "Statistischen Daten usw." GYZHTKh H 15,000 RPZYVYYI ZHTBOGHHCHNY DP 14,300 RPZYVYYI ZHTBOGHHCHNY DP 14,300 RTM 200 DP 14,300 RTM 200 DP 14,300 Rtm 200 2005 BOYU PRTTEDEMSEF YFPZCHPE YUYUMP HVYFSHCHI CH 35,000-37,500 Yuem (U 516)). rPFETY ZHTBOGKHULPZP CHSHUYEZP LPNBODOPZP UPUFBCHB d. uBODMET PGEOYCHBEF CH 6 KhVYFSCHHI CHCHUYI PZHYGETPCH, 12 TBOEOSHI Y OE NEOEE 36 RPRBCHYI. YPOOSCHI Y VTYZBDOSCHI ZOEETBMPCH (U. 424), B b . ChBUF H 17 RMEOOSHHI ZEOETBMPCH, OE UUYFBS LPTPMS uBLUPOULPZP (UFPTYS XIX CHELB, F. 2, U. 306). y OBYVPMEE OBYUYFEMSHOSHI MEKRGYZULYI UFTBUFPFETGEC UMEDHEF CHSHCHDEMYFSH RPZYVYEZP NBTYBMB rPOSFPCHULPZP Y CHSFCHI CH RMEO LPTPMS ublupoy, B FBLTS ZEOETBFPCH. ChPPVEE CE, RPULPMSHLKh VPMSHYOUFCHP YUFPTYLPCH OE LPOLTEFYYTHAF, YUFP YNEOOP POY RPDTBBKHNECHBAF RPD UMPCHPN "RPFETY", DPYULBFSHUS DP YUFYOSCH DBCE CH HER YUFYOSCH DBCE CH HER RTYPNYFYPNYCHPYPYPYPNYFYCHPYTPYP PMOEOYY RTBLFYUEULY OECHPʺ̱NPTSOP.

oEA H mekRGYZULPK LBNRBOY OE UMYYLPN RPCHEMP: EEE 6 UEOFSVTS RPD DEOOECHYGEN EZP 70-FSHCHUSYUOSCHK PFTSD, OBUFHRBCHYYK O VETMYO, OP VTPYEOOSCHCHK O ULPSHNSHTPYER PZENULPK BTNYEK oBRPMEPPN, VSCHM TBBYF 150-FSHCHUSYUOSCHN CHPKULPN vetobdpfb. OEK RPFETSM HVYFESCHNY Y TBEOE OE FP 10.000 (d. UBODMET, U. 556), OE FP 18.000 Yuem. (dio dijela VEYBOPC, U. 411) Y PFUFHRIM. pDOPC Y RTYUYO LFPK DPUBDOPK OEHDBYUU UFBMY VSCCHYE RPD OBYUBMPN LOS nPULPCHULPZP VTBCHSH Y LTERLYE DHIPN UBLUPOGSHCH, LPFPTSCHE, LBL EBNEYUBEF PYO YUUMEDPCHBDBFEMNYP (CHUMEDPCHBFUSPYPP, "CHUMEDPCHBFBUBZP") VEYBOHR, U. 411); DTHZPK RTYUYOPK UVBM UBN oEK, LPFPTSCHK, CHNEUFP FPZP YUFPVSCH LPPTDYOYTPCHBFSH DEKUFCHYS UVUFCHEOOOSHI CHPKUL, OPUIMUS U UBVMEK OBRETECHEU RP RETEDOENH LTD LTD. MP UCHPEK CHYLFPTYY OEPVDHNBOOPK RETEVTPULPK UPMDBF U MECHPZP ZHMBOSB O RTBCHSHCHK.

{33} dBME YNEAFUS CH CHYDH UTBTSEOIS LBNRBOY 1814 ZPDB.

RETCHPE LTHROPE UTBTSOEYE LBNRBOYY VPK X DJECA VTYEOO 29 SOCHBTS 1814, Lpzdb obrpmepo Khureyop Bfblpchbm uymeulkha btnya vmaietb, Chschtchbch X UFBTYUS RTCHULRPVE. chRTPYUEN, O CHSHCHTHYULH RTHUUBBLBN RPDPUREMB THUULBS LBCHBMETYS ZEOETBMB ZTBZHB REFTTB rBMEOB, B UBN vMAIET UHNEM OEEBNEFOP CHSHCHCHEUFY CHPKULB Y PFPYEM OB. zhTBOGKHSHCH RPFETSMY PLPMP 3000 HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOOEOSCHNY, UPAOYOLY PF 3000 (sati VEYBOPC, U. 434) DP 4000 Yuem. (D. uBODMET, W. 582).

1 ZHECHTBMS TBSHCHZTBMPUSH UTBTSEOYE RTY MB-TPFSHETE, ZDE ZHTBOGKHULBS BTNYS, OBUYUYFSHCHBCHYBS PF 36.000 (BOTY HUUEK; yUFPTYS XIX CHELB, F. 2 , ZHTBOGKHULBS BTNYS, OBUYUYFSHCHBCHYBS PF 36.000 (BOTY HUUEK; yUFPTYS XIX CHELB, F. 2 , ZHTBOGKHULBS BTNYS) . SYUB RTYUFBCHYMY L LFPK GYZHTE EDYOYGH, RPMHYUYCH F.P. (d. YuBODMET, W. 583; dio h. VEYBOPC, W. 434-435), CH FEYEOYE CHPUSHNY YUBUPCH RTPFYCHPUFPSMB CHFTPE RTECHPUIPDYCHYN EE UPAOYLBN (b. KHUUK ZPCHPTYF, P0120, d.120), 00 (U 582), pogl. h IPDE PTSEUFPYUEOOPZP VPS ZHTBOGKHSHCH VSCHMY UVYFSCH UP UCHPYI RPYGIK Y DBMEE CH RTPPMTSEOIE DCHHI DOKH PFUFKHRBMY L fTHB, OBRKHFUFCHKHENSCHE UMPCHBMENKT OBRKHFUFCHKHENSCHE UMPCHBMENKTEO, RBMBMEE, OMBCHBMEK, RTPPMTSEOIE. OSHE: "NSCH TBOSHIE CHBU VKHDEN CH RBTYCE". EDCHB PVCYUEOOSHCH OPCHPVTBOGSH HNYTBMY Y DEETFITPCHBMY FSHCHUSUBNY. pF RPMOPZP TBZTPNB ZHTBOGKHPCH URBUMY PFUHFUFCHYE X UPAOYLPCH RPDDHNBOOPK LPPTDYOBGYY DEKUFCHYK, Yʺ̱MYOYOYK VPECHPK ʺ̱BDPT CHATFENVETZULYI EZETRPCHLECHYOBYBYLCH CHBMETYA Y LFYN RPʺ̱CHPMYCHYI NBTYBMX nBTNPOH URBUFY MECHSHCHK ZHMBOZ Y CHPCHTENS TEFYTPCHBFSHUS L vTYEOOH, B FBLTS ZHUFBS NEFEMSH, HLTSCHYBS OBRPMEPOB Y EZP BTNYA PF OEULTPNIGHTS CHPTPCH VSCCHYEZP ZHUBTULPZP RPMLPCHOILB vMAIETB Y OCHETOSLB OBRPNOYCHYBS HGEMECHYN EEE CHEFETBOBN P DPUFPRBNSFOPN UETSOPN ZPUFERTYYNUFCHE THUULPK ʺNSCH. YUFPTYLY, ZPCHPTS P MB-tPFSHETE, O LFPF TB, LBCEFUS, RTYIPDSF L OELPENH LPOUEOUUKHUH PFOPUYFEMSHOP RPFESH: d. OP RP 6000 Yuem. (W. 583), b. HUUEK CHCHULBSHCHCHBEFUUS CH FPN TSE LMAYUE, RPDTBDEMSS RPFETY ZHTBOGHHCHCHNY OKO 4000 HVYFSHCHNY Y TBEEOSCHNY Y 2000 RMEOOOSCHNY (U. 321), h.h. P 4600 ZHTBOGHHCHCHNY Y 2000 RMEOOOSCHNY (U. 321), h.h. CHSHVSHCHCHYI Y UFTPS (U. 437) ; b. HUUEK Y d. uBODMET FBLCE ZPCHPTSF P 50 RPFETSOOSCHHI ZHTBOGKHBNY PTKHDYSI, h. VEYBOPC P 43. oEK PFMYYUYMUS RTY MB-tPFSHETE PE ZMBCHE DYCHYYYY, CHBBHBCHTEK BLOKADA, LPOFTBCHTEK, Y. LPOFTPMSH OBD HFTBYUEOOOPK VSHMP DETECHHYLPK.

h OBYUBME ZHECHTBMS obrpmepo, RPFETSCH RP DPTPZE OY NOPZP OY NBMP 4000 DEETFYTPCHBCHYI "NBTY-MHYPYUEL" (FBL OBSCHCHBMY CH 1813 Z. YEUFOB-DGBFY-UEFOMENOY ), THB, ZDE TBNEUFIYM UCHPA YFBV-LCHBTFYTH Y UPDBM TEJETCH Y uFBTK ZCHBTDYY . RP UCHPENKH PVSCHLOPCHEOYA YNRETBFPT OENEDMS RTYOSMUS CHSCHOBYCHBFSH OBRPMEPOPCHULYE BLNSHUMSCH, RMBOITHS, HDETTSBCH OB RPYUFYFEMSHOPN TBUUFPSOYY UYMEULKIE USSHUM, TBUUFPSOYY UYMEULKIE USBZFBYFBFBFBZBFBFBFBFBZBFBF BTNYEK yChBTGEOVETZB.

FEN CHTENEOEN vMAIET RPLBBM UCHPE YUFYOOPE MYGP Y, CHNEUFP FPZP YuFPVSH IDFY OB OPTSBO, LBL ENH RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH OERTYSFEMSHULYNY PTSYDBOISNY, VPDTSCHN NBTYEN OBRTBMEHP YPYMUSH OBRTBCHFF CHDPMSH nBTOSCH RTSNILPN O RBTYTS. oBRPMEPOH RTYYMPUSH PFLBBFSHUS PF YULKHUIFEMSHOSCHI NSHCHUMEK P yCHBTGEOVETZE Y UTPYUOP CHETOHFSHUS O PREMA: "S CETFCHHA CHUEN Yʺ̱-ʺ̱B OEEPVIPDYNPUFY RTYLTTTSSCHFSH". FERETSH BMYUKHEEE OPCHSCHI FTYHNZHPCH ZTPʺ̱OPE PLP YNRETBFPTB PVTBFIMPUSH CH UFPTPOH vMAIETB, LPFPTSCHK UFBM DMS oBRPMEPOB YuEN-FP CHTPDE VPMEʺ̱OEOOOPZP OBCHBTsDEOYS; RP LTBKOEK NETE, LPZDB CH OPYUSH U 7 OKO 8 ZHECHTBMS ZETGPZ vBUUBOP SCHIMUS CH YNRETBFPTULYE RPLPY CH OPTSBOE U OBNETEOEN RTEDUFBCHYFSH OB RPDRYUSH OEULPMSHLP DEROUTBPMHBEZ BPPHDBEZBPHDBEZBPHDBEZ OBD LBTFPA, HFSCHLBOOPK VHMBCHLBNY: “b, LFP CHS, EDCHB RPCHETOHM ZPMCHKh obrpmepo, S BBOSF FERETS UPCHUEN DTKhZYNY DEBNY: S NSHUMEOOP TBVIYCHBA vMAIETB. CHULPTE HDBYUB HMSCHVOHMBUSH vPOBRBTFFH. yCHBTGEOVETZ, CHNEUFP FPZP YuFPVSH TBZTPNYFSH "LPTUYLBOULPE YUKHDPCHYEE" VMY FTHB, OBYUBM FPRFBFSHUS O NEUFE, VEURTEUFBOOP PFNEOSS UCHPY CE RTYLBJPTEURNBS LTD. FCHYS CHCHETEOOSHHI ENH YUBUFEK, UFP, LBCEFUS, CH LPOGE LPOGPCH HFTBFIM CHUSLPE RTEDUFBCHMEOYE P GEMSI UCHPEZP RTPNEOBDB . h YFPZE, FTEREEB PF PDOK NSHCHUMY P ULPTPK CHUFTEYUE U OBRPMEPOPN, BCHUFTYKULYK ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK CH GEMSI HUYMEOYS UPVUFCHEOOOPK VEPPRBUOPUFY PFFEUOYM PFFEUOYM THUULYE CH. BMYMUS O TYULPCHBOOPE TBUUFPSOIE PF BTNY VMAIETB. vMAIET CE, OE PVTBFICH CHOYNBOIS O RPDPVOHA NEMPYUSH, TYOHMUS CH RPZPOA b LPTRHUPN nBLDPOBMShDB Y CH TEEKHMSHFBFE OEHDBYuOPZP VPLPCHPZP NBOECHTRPBRDUCHEPCHPZP ZBOECHTRPBRTYCHPCHPZM OEHMSHFBFE .

pDOBLP RPUMEDOYK, OEUNPFTTS O UFPMS DETLPE PZPMEOYE JMBOZB RETED YNRETBFPTULPK PUVPPC, YJVTBM UEWE OHRHA CETFCH: 10 ZHCHTBMS X yBNRPVETB LPTRHU RPD LPNBODPCHBPDOUTLE RPNBODPCHBPDOUTPLE MPCHKH TBBYM 5-FSHCHUSYUOSCHK LPTRKHU ZEOETBMB bBIBTTB pMUHZHSHECHB, YUENKH CHYOPA SCHYMYUSH YUBUFSHHA FBLFYUEULYE YZTSCH vMAIETB, YUBUFSHHA UMBVPE RTYMETSBOYE UBNPZP pMUHZHSHECHB L CHPEOOPNKH DEMKH. yFPZ: 1200-1500 THUULYI PUFBMYUSH METSBFSH O RPME UPU (vMAIET, PFMYUOP UMSCHYBCHYYK LBOPOBDH, FBL YOE RTYYEM O RPNPESH), VPMEE 2000 CHRMRPRBM; 9 PTHDYK VSHCHMP HOYUFPTSEP, PUFBMSHOSCHHE 15 DPUFBMYUSH ZHTBOGKHBN, OE UYUYFBS PVPB, OBNEO Y 3 ZEOETBMPCH, CH YUYUME LPFPTSCHI VSCHM Y UBHEOOCHMEHBYZ,H UBN FOOD PMUHBIK CHPPVTBOGEN, OE RTPUMKhTSYCHYYN Y 6 UNUSGECH. zhTBOGHHSHCH, RPFETSCHYE PLPMP 200 Yuem., Ch RPTSCHCHE IOFKHJBNB RTPCHBMY yBNRPVETULYK MEU "BLPMDPCHBOOSCHN MEUPN" (Le bois enchanté).

rPUME LFPZP obrpmepo RTEURPLPKOP CHLMYOYMUS NETsDH vMAIETPN, YEDYN YY yBMPOB, Y DCHNS LPTRHUBNY TKHUULYN (ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB GUBITAK JBVIBOB UBLEOB) Y RTHUULYMUS (ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB GUBITEK JBVIBOB UBLEOB) Y RTHUULYN (ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB) Y RTHUULYMUS (ZHEMSHDNBTBZTY) ZHEMSHDOBNLBZTY ZHEMSBOPTBZTZBHMBPTBZy YCHYNY nBLDPOBMShDB L nP. hOBCH P FBLPN RPCHPTTPFE UPVSCHFIK, UBLEO Y kPTL RPUREYOP PFUFHRYMY L nPONYTBKMA, OP vPOBRBTF SCHYMUS FHDB RETCHSHCHN. 11 ZHECHTBMS THUULP-RTKHUULYK PFTSD VSHM RPMOPUFSHHA TBZTPNMEO: UPAOYLY RPFETSMY 4000 Yuem. (d. uBODMET, U. 589; b. HUUEK, U. 323; dio 1 WEYBOPCH ZPCHPTYF P 2800 THUULYI Y 900 RTHUUBBLBI (U. 440)), ZHTBOGKHSHCH PF 1000 (dio 1 dio U.20 DP) Yuem. (D. uBODMET, W. 589).

PUFBFLY PVPYI LPTRHUPCH TEKCHSHCHN BMMATPN OBRTBCHYMYUSH CH UFPTPOH yBFP-fSHETTY, OP ZHTBOGKHSHCH RHUFYMYUSH CH RPZPOA Y 12 ZHECHTBMS OBUFYZMY OEUCHYUBUF OBUFYZMY OEUCHYUBUFBO FPTPE, OE UBNEYLBKUS RP DPTPZE nBLDPOBMShD, NPZMP VSH BLPOYUYFSHUS RPMOSHCHN YUFTEVMEOYEN UPAOYLPCH. DPVSCHYUB "LPTUYLBOULPZP MADPEDB" UPUFBCHYMB 3000 HVYFSHCHNYY RMEOOSHCHNY, 20 PTHDYK Y NOPTSEUFCHP VTPYEOOSCHI RPCHPPL.

14 ZHECHTBMS X chPYBOB RTHUULYK BCHBOZBTD vMAIETB VSCHM BFBLPCHBO nBTNPOPN, VTPUICHYYN O OERTYSFEMSHULYE VPECCHHE RPTSDLY LPOOKHA ZCHBTDYA; CH FEYUEOYE DCHHI YUBUPCH vMAIET UFPKLP PVPTPOSMUS, PDOBLP CHULPTE L OENH CH ZPUFY O RTBCHSHCHK ZHMBOZ RPTSBMPCHBM zTHY UP UCHPEK LBCHBMETYEK. zhTBOGKHULYE CHUBDOILY CHSHCHTKHVYMY OE FP 6000 (b. HUUEK, U. 324), OE FP 7000 (d. YuBODMET, U. 590), OE FP 9000 Yuem. (dio VEYBOPC, U. 442), UBNY RPFETSCH RTY LFPN CHUEZP 600 UPMDBF. o LFPN BLPOYUYMBUSH VMEUFSE RTPCHEDEOOBS oBRPMEPOPN "YEUFYDOECHOBS LBNRBOIS 1814 ZPDB" (9-14 ZHECHTBMS), CH IPDE LPFPTPK PO BUFBCHYM PFUFHRIFSH RTECHPUIPDSEHAPEULY.

7 NBTFB X LTBPOOB OBRMEPO CHOPCHSH BFBLPCBM UYMEULHA BTNYA vMAIETB, UPUFPSCHYHA O FPF NPNEOF Y FTEI RTHUULYI Y FTEI THUULYI LPTRHUCH. UTBTSOEOYE OBYUBMPUSH U FPZP, UFP NBTYBM oEK BFBLPCBM LPTRKHU ZEOETBMB chPTPOGPCHB, HDPVOP TBURPMPTSYCHYKUS O lTBPOOOULPN RMBFP, Tboshye read DP FPZP, LBLMBTME BTVYMPKF ZEOETBMB Y, CH TEHMSHFBFE YuEZP VSHCHM PFVTPYEO U FTSEMSHCHNY RPFETSNY. rPUMEDHAEYE BFBLY ZHTBOGHHCH, TBCHOP LBL Y LPOFTTBFBLY UPAOYILCH, VSCHMY RTPCHEDEOSCH RTYNETOP CH FPN TSE LMAYUE. UPAOYLY RPFETSMY HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOEOSCHNY RTYVMYJFEMSHOP 5000 Yuem., ZHTBOGHHSHCH PF 5000 (b. HUUEK, U. 334; V. g. KhTMBOYU, U. 86) / 5500 Yuem. (d. uBODMET, W. 599) DP 8000 Yuem. (Ch. Ch. WEIBOPHR, U. 448).

zPTBDP VPMEE TEYBAEBS VBFBMYS UMHYUYMBUSH 9-10 NBTFB X mBPOB. UP UCHPYNY 37.000 obrpmepo chuetsheh tbuuuyfshchchbm khureyop pffeuoyfsh PF rbtytsb chua uymeulkha btnya, lpfptbs, vhdhyuy khuimeob dchkhns lptufbd1, upfbfd1 0 Yuem. h TEEKHMSHFBFE LPTRHUB lMEKUFB Y kPTLB BFBLPCHBMY O VYCHKHBL 6-K LPTRHU nBTNPOB (NYTOP RTEDBCCHYEZPUS LHMYOBTOSHCHN TBDPUFSN CH OEULPMSHLYI UDBCHNYMSI YPFPMYMSI UDBCHNYMSI PPMYM PPM FOPE CHPURPNYOBOYE, MYYYCH PF 2000 DP 3000 Yuem. MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB Y CHUEK BTFYMMETYY. pDOBLP ZHTBOGKHBN RPCHEMP: vMAIET, LPFPTPNKH HCE RETECHBMIMP bB UENSHDEUSF, CH LPI-FP CHELY GBVPMEM, B CHTENEOOP UNEOICHYYK EZP zoEKEOBKh RPCHPMYM oBRPMYFYFPY, UFPPCHEUFYFPY, UFCHEUFYFPY, UFPCHEUFYFP TBUYUEFBN, OE U BTSHETZBTDPN UPAOYOLPCH, B U GEMPK BTNYEK.

oblpoeg, 20-21 NBTFB 1814 Z. RTPYYPYMB VYFCHB RTY bTUY-UAT-pV, YNECHYBS UCHPEK RPUSCHMLPK UCHETIEOOP CHPDECHYMSHOHA UIFKHBGYA. LPNBODHAEIK vPZENULPK BTNYEK yChBTGEOVETZ, TEYYCH, YuFP obrpmepo obrtbchmsefus h ftkhb, RP UFPNKh PVSHLOPCHEOYA PFPYEM LBL NPTsOP DBMSHYE PF NEUFB RTERPMBZBENPURSYE PF NEUFB RTERPMBZBENPURZP UFBPMEPOMBZBENPURSYP UFBBPMEHBZBENPURSY MUS HZMPN NETSDH uEOPC Y pVPN. pDOBLP obrpmepo obrtbchmsmus chpchue oe h ftthb, bch btuy, j YNRETBFPTB CH UFHRPT YVP vPZENULBS BTNYS OBUYUYFSHCHBMB 120,000 Yuem. Y NPZMB RTPUFP-OBRTPUFP TBDBCHYFSH nBMEOSHLPZP LPTUYLBOGB UCHPEK NBUUPK. č RETČŜK DEOŠ UTBCEOJS oBRPMEPOH HDBMPUŠ PUFBOPČJFŠ UPAʺ̱OJLPČ, RTJÛEN PO MJÛOP HČMEL PFUFHRBAÉJI DTBZHO Č OPČHA LBČBMETYJKULHA PFBJPE Bʺ̱BLPČ. OPYUSHA LBCHBMETYS uEVBUFSHSOY UCHETYMB RPUMEDOYK PFUBSOOSHK VTPUPL, OP VSCHMB PUFBOCHMEOB THUULYNY LIGHTBUYTBNY. oEUNPFTS O PRTEDEMEOOHA FBLFYUEULHA HDBYUH, ZHTBOGHHSHCH VSCHMY CHSHCHOKHTSDEOSCH PFUFHRIFSH RETED RTECHPUIPDSEYNY UYMBNY RTPFYCHOYLB. bB DCHB DOS ZHTBOGHSHCH RPFETSMY HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOESCHNY 3000 Yuem., UPAOYLY PF 4000 (d. UBODMET, U. 605) DP 9000 Yuem. (Ch. Ch. VEYBOHR, U. 452).

{34} nBKULPE RPME (Champ de Mai) ZTBODYPJOPE RTBDOEUFCHP U CHEYUBFMSAEIN CHPEOOSHCHN RBTBDPN, HUFTPEOOPE oBRPMEPPN 1 YAOS 1815 ZPDB. CHTENEOB ZHEPDBMIYNB (zhTBOGYS VIII-IX ChH.) "nBKULYN RPMEN" OBSCCHBMUS UVPT CHBUUBMPCH DMS PVOBTPPDCHBOYS UAETEOPN LBLYI-MYVP CHBTSOSCHI BLFP, B FBLTSE, UPPCHEOFCHEFULFTABI UPPCHEOFCHEFUFTAB. h DBOOPN UMHYUBE TEYUSH YDEF P FPPTSEUFCHEOOPN PYASCHMEOYY TEEKHMSHFBFPCH RMEVYUGEFB RP OPCHPK LPOUFYFKHGYY, GETENPOY TBDBBYUY OBNEO OBGIPOBBYLTY OBNEO OBGIPOBMSHOPK YCHFBTDYLTYBOOK YCHFBTDYLTYBOX. RP DTHZYN YUFPYUOILBN, LFP RTBDOEUFCHP VSCHMP OBOBBYUEOP OB 25 NBS, OP CHTHYUEOYE OBNEO DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP RTPYUIPDYMP 1 YAOS. rPDTPVOEE PV LFPN UPVSHCHFIY UN. CH ZMBCHE 6.

{36} vPOI (Boney) BOZMYKULPE KHOYUYTSYFEMSHOPE RTPʺ̱CHYEE vPOBRBTFB. h FE DBMELEYE CHTENEOB, OBRTYNET, DPVTSCHE BOZMYKULYE NBFETY MAVIMY ZPCHBTYCHBFSH OERPUEDMMYCHSHCHN BOZMYKULYN DEFSN: “CHPF, RPZBUPDY, vPOY RTYDEF Y ʺ̱HVPNZETFOS REGNUM, ʺ̱HPNZETEF, DEFSN FSHHA UFPMSh LPYNBTOPZP CHYYFB, OENEDMEOOP BUSCHRBMY, UYAEDBMY RPMPTSEOOPE REYUEOSHE, RTYUFBCHMSMY O NEUFP ZPMPCHSC YZTHILBN Y CHPPVEE UFBOCHIMYUSH UDEMBOOSCHNY Y FPOYUBKYYZP IEMLB. b LPNKh IPYUEFUS VSHCHFSH UYAEEOOOSCHN bb ʺ̱DPTPCHP TSYCHEYSH?!

{38} nBTYS bOFHBOEFFB (1755-1793), LPTPMECHB zhTBOGIY, VSCHMB ZYMSHPFYOYTPCHBOB RP TEYOYA lPOCHEOFB 16 PLFSVTS 1793 ZPDB. RETED FYN POB RTPCHEMB OENBMP ČITANJE H PVEEUFCHE NSUOILPC YJ LPNYFEFB PVEEUFCHEOOPZP URBUEOIS, LPFPTSHCHE RSHCHFBMYUSH CHCHTCBFSH X OEE RTYOBOYS CH LPOFTTECHPMAGYPOOPPNE YJ LPFECHPMAGYPOOPPNE YJ LPFECHPMAGYPOOPPF Y MYUFYUEULYE PUOPCHBOIS, B FBLCE CH TBUFMEOYY UPVUFCHEOOPZP NBMPMEFOEZP ŠTETA Y TSDE DTHZYI RTEUFHRMEOYK, NSHCHUMSH P UCHETOYY LBLPCHSCHHI NPZMB RTIKF Y H ZPMPCHH FPMSHLP MADSN U YTSDOP RPYBFOKHCHYEKUS CH TEHMSHFBFE TECHPMAGYY RUYILPK. LU-LPTPMECHB OE VMYUFBMB RPMYFYUEULPK DBMSHOPCHYDOPUFSHHA, OP VSHCHMB YuEMPCHELPN DPUFPKOSHCHN, RPFPPNKh VE LPMEVBOIK PFCHETZMB CHUE, YuFP CHNEOSMPUSH EK CHNEOSMPUSH EK CHRBME CHOOOPYOK CHPUBO. h MAVPN UMKHYUBE, HYBUFSH EE VSCHMB TEYEOB. rPUME 16 PLFSVTS RBTYTSULYE PUFTPUMPCHSCHCH, LPFPTSCHN YTPOYS UMHTSYMB EDYOUFCHEOOOSCHN PTHTSYEN RTPFYCH PLTHTSBAEEZP VEEKHNYS, MAVIMY ZPCHBTYCHBEMFSH UPCHBTYCHBEMFSH PFOPCHUYFXVIZ, MAVIMY ZPCHBTYCHBEMFSH PFOPCHUJ EN RPFETSMB ZPMCHKh.

{39} uPZMBUOP BLMAYUYFEMSHOPNH BLFH CHEOULPZP LPOZTEUUB (UN. RTYN. 10), ZETGPZUFCHP rBTNULPE RTEDPUFBCHMSMPUSH nBTYY mHYJE CH RPTSYOEOPE CHMBDEOYE; RP UNETFY CE EE rBTNB RETEIPDYMB L DTHZPK nBTYY MHYYE YURBOULPK, ​​VSCCHYEK LPTPMECHE LFTHTYY, Y L DEFSN RPUMEDOEK. rPLB TSE YURBOULBS FEELB nBTYY MHYSHCH, CH PTSYDBOYY UNETFY LPMMEZY, DPMTSOB VSCHMB HFEYYFSHUS mHLLPK, LPFPTKHA RPUME RPMBZBMPUSH CHETOHFSH fPULBOE.

{43} oBRMEPO III (MHY OBRPMEPO vPOBRBTF) ZHYZKhTB OEPVSHCHUBKOP YOFETEUOBS Y, L UPTSBMEOYA, LTBKOE PDOPUFTPOOE PUCHEEBENBS CH OBHYUOP-RPRHMSTOPK YUFPTYPZTBJY. obn ʺ̱OBLPNB MYYSH MEZEODB P "NBMPN" oBRMEPOOE, FTHUMMYCHPN Y TSBMLPN OYUFPTSEUFCHE, TBURTPUFTBOEOOBS chyLFPTPN ZAZP ("YUFPTYS PDOPZP RTEUFHRMEOYS") ZVPLUPTBOEOYS ("YUFPTYS PDOPZP RTEUFHRMEOYS") ZVPLUPTBULBTMBPN ("YUFPTYS PDOPZP RTEUFHRMEOYS") Y U 1848 RP 1850 ZZ.", "chPUENOBDGBFPE VTANETB mHY vPOBRBTFB") H RSHCHMH RPMYFYUUEULPK RPMENYLY Y CH OBDPTE NZOPCHEOOPZP UPGIBMSHOPZP DYBZOPB. NETsDH FEN, RTY CHUEI PYUECHIDOSCHI OEDPUFBFLBI UCHPEK DESFEMSHOPUFY Y UCHPEK RETUPOSHCH, OBRMEPO III ChSHUFHRBM ZOEETBFPTPN LTBKOE YOFETEUOSCHI RPMYFYUEULYI YDEK Y DEFYUEULYI YDEK Y CHBHDYOSCH. FBL, RTPCHPZMBYEOOSCHK YN FEYYU P RTBCHE OBTPDHR O UPDBOYE UPVUFCHEOOOSHI OBGIPOBMSHOSHCHI ZPUHDBTUFCH PLBBM O TPTSDEOOHA CHEOULYN LPOZTEUUPN UYUFENKH NETSDHOBCHEOPTHI NETSFOBCHEOPTHBEKZY US VPNVSHCH, F. E. RPDMIOOPK TECHPMAGYY. yNEOOP RTY OBRMEPOOE III PE JTBOGYY OBYUBMB RTCHPDYFSHUS RMBOPNETOBS Y PUNSCHUMEOOBS UPGYBMSHOBS RPMYFYLB (CH DHYE UEOUINPOYUFULYI YDEK) Y VSCHPE CHSF LKhMSHOU UFTENIBODHYFE . PUHEEUFCHMEOYE CHETIPCHOPK CHMBUFY YNRETBFPTPN IPFS VSC ZhPTNBMSHOP HTBCHOPCHEYCHBMPUSH, UZMBUOP UV. 5 lPOUFYFKHGYY 1852 ZPDB, RPMOPFPK EZP MYUOPK PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFY, B RTPCHPZMBYEOSCHK RTYOGYR OBUMEDUFCHEOOOPK CHMBUFY HCE ZPTBDP NEOEE ZPTNBMSHOP OBTYOPSOGYRPMUK PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFY, B RTPCHPZMBYEOSCHK RTYOGYR OBUMEDUFCHEOOOPK CHMBUFY HCE ZPTBDP NEOEE ZPTNBMSHOP OBTYOPSOGYRPMUK PFUPD FCHMSCHYNUS CH ZHPTNE CHUEPVEEZP Yʺ̱VITBFEMSHOPZP RTBCHB. uN. PV FPPN: Dansette A. Deuxième République et Second Empire. Pariz, 1943; Dansette A. Louis-Napoléon B la conqète de pouvoir. Pariz, 1961; Dansette A. Du 2. decembar ili 4. septembar. Pariz, 1972; Dansette A. Naissance de la France moderne. Le Second Empire. Pariz, 1976; Blanchard M. Le Second Empire. Pariz, 1966; Roux G. Napoleon III. Pariz, 1969; Henri-Pajot J. Napoleon III. L "empreur calomnié. Pariz, 1972; Plessis A. De la fete impériale au mur des fédérés 1852-1871. Pariz, 1979; Miquel J.-P. Le Second Empire. Paris, 1979; Tular J. Les révolutions de 1789 B de 1789 B. 1851. Pariz, 1985., Girard L. Napoleon III., Pariz, 1986., Minc A. Louis-Napoléon revisité, Pariz, 1997., ECHPTPFE 2 DElbVTS 1851 ZPDB // yUFPTYUEULPE PVPTEOYE, UFPTYUEULPE PVPTEOYE. CHPMAGYY chFPTPK TEURHVMYLYY: bCHFPTEJ. DYUU. LBOD. YUF N.: nPULPCHULBS ZHNBOIFBTOP-UPGYBMSHOBS BLBDENYS, 2001.

{45} iBTBLFETEO PFCHEF oES: “UFP CE, RP-CHBYENKH, VSCHMP DEMBFSh? TBCHE S NPZH PUFBOCHYFSH DCHYTSEOIS NPTS UCHPYNY DCHKHNS THLBNY?”

{46} h rBTYCE LBLPC-FP PUFTPHNEG RTYLTERYM RP LFPNH RPCHPDH VPMSHYPK RMBLBF O GPLPME chBODPNULPK LPMPOOSCH: „pF oBRPMEPOB MADPCHILH XVIII. LPTPMSH, VTBF NPK, OE RPUSCHMBKFE NOE VPMSHIE UPMDBF, YI X NEOS DPCHPMSHOP.

{51} TPD vHPOBRBTFE VPMEE-NEOYEE UFBTIOOSCHK PVEDOECHYK (RPUME ZHTBOGKHULPK PLLHRBGYY lPTUYLY 1770 ZPDB) ZHMPTEOFYKULPZP RTPYUIPTsDEOYS. RETCHPE HRPNYOBOYE P OELPEN vHPOBRBTFE, UMEOE UPCHEFB UFBTEKYO bSYuP, PFOPUYFUS L 1616 ZPDH. rTBChDB, RP EDLPNH ʺ̱BNEYUBOYA PDOPZP RBNZHMEFYUFB LRPIY TEUFBCHTBGYY, CH LPOGE XVIII CHELB O LPTUILE CHUE TPTSDBMYUSH DCHPTSOBNY, UFPVSCHHOE RMBZCHFIFSH.

{52} obrtynet, Ch SOCHBTE 1809 ZPDB, LPZDB fBMEKTBO SCHIMUS L oBRPMEPOH O BHDYEOGIA, FPF RTYCHEFUFCHPCHBM EZP UMPCHBNY: “chshch ChPT, NETBCHEG, VEUYUEUFOSHCHEG, VEUYUEUFOSHCHG, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHG, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, VEUYUEUFOSHCHK, JUempchel. ", BBLPOYUYM UCHPK NPOPMZ TYFPTYYUEULYN CHPRTPUPN: "rPYUENKh S ChBU DP UYI RPT OE RPCHEUIM O THEYEFLE LBTHUEMSHULPK RMPEBDY? ChSh NTBSh H YEMLPCHSHI YUKHMLBI!” URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY TBDY, UMEDHEF RTYOBFSH, UFP CHUE ULBBOOPE VSMP UHEEK RTBCHDPK.

{53} TEYUSH YDEF P FETTYFPTYY yMSHBUB Y MPFBTYOZYY, SCHMSCHYIUS LBNOEN RTEFLOPCHEOYS CH PFOPEOYSI OENGECH Y ZHTBOGKHHHCH EDCHB MY OE U TBDEMB zhTBOLULPK YNRETYLP LBTZP HTP. uMSHBU (VBUUEKO TEKOB) EEE CH i CHELE CHPYEM CH UPUFBCH "UCHSEEOOPK TYNULPK YNRETYY ZETNBOULPK OBGYY", PDOBLP CH 1648, B PLPOYUBFEMSHOP HCE CH 1697 ZPDH UFBHEOOPUFSVZHBO; MPFBTYOSYS TSE UFBMB RPMOPUFSHA ZHTBOGHULPK U 1766 ZPDB. FEI RPT OENGSCH UFBMY ChPTsDEMEFSH PVE LFY MBLPNSCHE CEMEʺ̱PTKHDDOSHDO RTCHYOGY OE RETEUFBCHBS, RPLB CH 1871 ZPDKh OE BRPMKHYUYMY YI CH ChPNEEEOYE UCHFEEOYE UCHFCHOSCHBO. rTBCHDB, Ch 1919 ZPDKh RTPCHYOGYY RTYYMPUSH CHETOKHFSH Y, EUMY OE UYUYFBFSH YEFSHCHTEIMEFOK BTEODSH DBOOSHI FETTYFPTYK ZYFMETPN, CHETOHFSH HCE OBCHUEZDB. fTPZBFEMSHOBS YUFPTYS!

{54} pFOPIOEOYE UPAOYELPCH L NATBFKH CHRPMO NPZMP VSHCHFSH CHSHTBTSEP UMPCHBNY fBMEKTBOB: „oEPVIPDYNP Yʺ̱ZOBFSH NATBFB, YVP RPTB CHSHCHFTBCHYFSH OEKHCHBTSEOYE L blpoopPRPMʺ̱LPOOPPRPMNKʺ̱LPCHBTSEOYE L blpoopPRPMʺ̱LPOOPPRSMʺ̱LPOOPPRPMNKH , EUMY NSCH OE IPFYN, UFPVSC TECHPMAGYS RTPDPMTSBMB FMEFSH "(GIF. RP: fAMBT c. NATBF, YMI rTPVKhTsDEOYE OBGIY, n., 1993. U. 320).

{55} yPNPOULYK DPZPCHPT UZMBYOEOYE, BLMAYUEOOPE 1 NBTFB 1814 ZPDB NETsDH BOZMYEK, BCHUFTYEK, RTHUUYEK Y tPUUYEK U GEMSHA RTEUEYUEOYS CH OBUFPSEEN Y OBUFPSEEN Y VHDKHEEN KUGBOY MAPA NYN UCHPYN ZHBLFPN HZTPTSBCHYEZP VSC ECHTPREKULPNKH ZEPRPMYFYYUEULPNKH TBCHOPCHEUYA.

{56} f. E.

{57} yubtmsh dtseknu zhplu (1749-1806) K Y TECHPMAGYPOOPK JTBOGYY.

{58} VEOTSBNEO lPOUFBO HCE NOPZP MEF RHVMYUOP OEDPMAVMMYCHBM oBRPMEPOB. Eee Cheyuetpn 20 Vtanettb 1799 ZPDB, utbdhhchi upvschfik, napisao ulbbm uykeukh: "Ufp teoyoye [p rtypufbochmeoyj defemshopufy rbtmbneofb] lbcefus noe yuhdpchieoschn, woynbaein rpumedoye rter Poshch DMS yuempchelb, LPFPTPZP CHSH RTHECHMELMMY L Hybufya PE Chuetbyoyi upvschfisi, op lpfptschk oe reteufbm VSHCHFSH NOOEE PRBUOSCHN DMS TEURHVMYLY. EZP CHP'CHBOYS, ZDE ON ZPCHPTYF FPMSHLP P UEVE, HFCHETSDBS, UFP EZP ChPCHTBEEOYE CHUEMSEF OBDETSDH O RTELTBEEOYE OYUYBUFYK JTBOGYY, PLPOYUBFEMSHOP HVEDIMY SHOP, UFPCHYO SHOP, HVEDIMY SHOP FCHP DMS UBNPCHP'CHEMYYUEOYS. b CHEDSH CH EZP TBURPTSEOY UPMDBFSCH, ZEOETBMSCH, UCHEFULBS YUETOSH UMPCHPN, CHUE, UFP ZPFPPChP VEEPZMSDOP CHCHETYFSHUS ZTHVPK UYME "(GIF. RP: fAMBT c. oBRMEPO, "YMYBU NIZh0", "YMYBUNIZh9.7F). CHEUOPK 1815 ZPDB, ʺ̱B DEOSH DP CHYAEDB oBRPMEPOB CH rBTYTS, lPOUFBO REYUBFOP OBCHBM FFP CHPCHTBEEOYE PVEEUFCHEOOOSCHN VEDUFCHYEN, B UBNPZP CHPʺ̱CHTBEOPPNYPYPY, LPOUFBO REYUBFOP OBCHBM FFP CHPCHTBEEOYE PVEEUFCHEOOOSCHN VEDUFCHYEN, B UBNPZP CHPʺ̱CHTBEOPPN YPPYPY, LTPUETPBEOPPN YPPYPY, MPK. 6 BRTEMS VEOTSBNEOB lPOUFBOB, HCHETEOOPZP, UFP EZP CHPF-CHPF TBUUFTEMSAF, RTYCHEMY L oBRPMEPOH, PDOBLP FPF PVPYEMUS U OIN CHEUSHNB MBULPPCHP, OBOBYUMPO UCHPUBTYN LOBBYELPO UCHPUBTYN HGYA. LPOUFBO, LPFPTSCHK CHUA TSYOSH ZTEYM LPOUFYFKHGYEK, B FBLTS OB TBDPUFSI, UFP EZP OE VHDHF TBUUFTEMYCHBFSH, YYZPFPCHYM LPOUFYFKHGYA HTS L 23 BRTEMS. POB OBSCCHBMBUSH "dPRPMOYFEMSHOSHCHN BLFPN L LPOUFYFHHYSN yNRETYY". bB PUOPCHH lPOUFBO CHSM OE UFP YOPE, LBL iBTFYA MADPCHILB XVIII, Y RTPUFP UDEMBM EE OEULPMSHLP MYVETBMSHOEE. RBMBFB RTTPCH, TBOEE OBOBYUBCHYBSUS LPTPMEN, UFBMB OBOBBYUBFSHUS YNRETBFPTPN, B DMS Yʺ̱VYTBENSHI CH RBMBFH DERHFBFPH VSCM UETSHEP RPOYTSEO YNHEEUFCHEOOSHK GEO. RBMBFSCH OBDEMSMYUSH RTBCHPN LPOFTPMS bb YURPMOYFEMSHOPK CHMBUFSHHA CH MYGE NYOYUFTCH. ChNEUFP RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOPC GEO'HTSCH CHCHPDYMBUSH LBTFEMSHOBS (F. E. GEO'HTB CH UHDEVOPN RPTSDLE).

{71} LBMYVBO RETUPOBTS DTBNSCH HYMSHSNB yELURYTB "VKhTS" (1612), OEHNSCHFPE VEEPPVTB'OPE YUKHDYEE, YNS LPFPTPZP UFBMP OBTYGBFEMSHOSHCHN DMS PVPOBYUEOYS YTHVCEFUFCH

{72} 14 PLFSVTS 1806 ZPDB RPD KEOPK Y bHTYFEDFPN ZHTBOGKHSHCH RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN oBRPMEPOB (KEOB) Y NBTYBMB dBCH (bHTYFEDF) OBZPMPCH TBBYMY RTHUUBLPCH (UN. RPUMEUMPCHIE). RPD KEOPK ZHTBOGKHSHCH, RPFETCH 5000 Yuem. (CHLMAYUBS 15 000 RMEOOSHCHNY); CHUEZP TSE CH PVPYI UTBTSEOISI RTKHUUBLY RPFETSMY FTY RPMECHSCHHE BTNYY, 22.000 KHVYFSHCHNYY TBOOEOSCHNY (ZHTBOGKHSHCH 12.000), PUFBCHYCH vPOBRBTFKH 0 XIX. F. 1, U. 136) DP VPMEE UEN 25.000 (d. YuBODMET, U. 308) RMEOOSCHI, 200 RHYEL Y 60 OBNEO Y IFBODBTFCH. rPUME FFPZP BTNYS oBRPMEPOB SBOSMB RPYUFY CHUA RTHUUYA, LBLPCHPK ZBLF PUEOSH PVTBOP Y MBLPOYUOP PRYUBM ZEOTYI zekoe: „oBRMEPO DHOHM ABOUT RTHUUYA, Y POBHEBCHPEUFBCH“.

14 YAOS 1807 ZPDB RPD zhTYDMBODPN, RTYNETOP CH 48 LN L AZP-UBRBDH PF LEOYZUVETZB, OBRMEPO OBZPMPCHH TB'VYM THUULHA BTNYA RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN ZEOETTBMBMETYF.m. zhTBOGKhSHCH RPFETSMY PF 8000 (d. YuBODMET, U. 358) DP 12.000 Yuem. (Ch. Ch. WEIBOPHR, U. 206). h PGEOLE THUULYI RPFETSH (B YULMAYUEOYEN HFTTBFSCH 80 PTHDYK) YUFPTYLY TEYYFEMSHOP TBUIPDSFUS: RP THUULYN RPDUYUEFBN, VSCHMP HVYFP, TBOEOP Y RMEOEOP,0MP0 Yu. (dio dijela VEYBOHR-a, U. 206); RP BOZMYKULYN RPDUYUEFBN, TSETFCHSHCH TKHUULYI UPUFBCHYMY PF 18,000 DP 20,000 HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOOEOSCHNY, F. E. PLPMP 30% PF PVEEZP UPUFBCHB 20,000 DP 20,000 HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOOEOSCHNY, F. E. PLPMP 30% PF PVEEZP UPUFBCHB. ZHTBOGKHULBS TSE LBMSHLHMSHYS DBEF GEMSHI 25.000 CHCHVSHCHCHYI Y UFTPS (b. ChBUF, U. 141). ChPF DP LBLPK UFEROY OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHK Y ZEPZTBJYUEULYK ZHBLFPT CHMYSEF O HRP-FTEVMEOYE BLPOCH BTYZHNEFILY! LBL VSC FBN OY VSCHMP, CHUE YUUMEDPCHBFEMY CH PDIO ZPMPU RTJOBAF ZETPYUEULY PFUBSOOPE UPRTPFYCHMEOYE THUULYI UPMDBF, CH PUOPCHOPK NBUUE RTEDRPYUYFBCHYI HNETSTHEFYF, SH THUULPZP LPNBODPCHBOIS.

{75} 5-6 YAMS 1809 ZPDB CHVMYY UEMEOYS chBZTBN, UCHETP-CHPUFPYOOEE CHEOSCH, OBRPMEPO GEOPK OECHETPFOSCHHI KHUYMYK (“yFP HCE OE UPMDBFSCH bHUFETMYGB!” POLUMYLOBCHUFBCH UCHETP-CHPUFPYOOEE CHEOSCH, OBRPMEPO GEOPK OECHETPFOSCHHI KHUYMYK (“yFP HCE OE UPMDBFSCH bHUFETMYGB!” POLUMYLOBCHUFBCH UPPYLOBCHUFMBPYPYLOBCHUFMBYP TYKULHA BTNYA RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN LTGZETGPZB LBTMB. RP RPDUYUEFBN c. KhTMBOYUB, DBNB U LPUK RPTSYCHYMBUSH OB LFPK VPKOE 9900 Yuem. U PVEYI UFPTPO (U. 515), B CHNEUFE U TBOEOSCHNY DBOOBS GYZHTTB ChPtBUFBEF DP 59.000 Yuem. (D. 79).

{76} ChBODES DERBTFBNEOF (VSCHYBS RTPFCYOGYS OYTSOEZP RKHBFH) O BRBD JTBOGYY, VSCCHYK GEOPHTPN TPSMYUFULYI NSFETSEK OB CHUEN RTPFSTSEOY TECHPMAGYY, O Y FBLTS YTBOGYME YTBOGYME, Y FBLTS YTBYME N YNEOEN CHUSYUEULPK LPOFTTECHPMAGYPOOPUFY OECHEPSFOP YOFETEUOBS FENB, RPDBCHBENBS, HChShch, H VPMSHYOUFCHE UMHYUBECH CHEUSHNB RTECHTBFOP. NSCH OBEN P chBODEE LBL P RPMYFYUEULPN PRMPFE LPTPMECHULPK CHMBUFY, BTYUFPLTBFYY Y LBFPMYGYNB (IPFS LPTPMECHULBS CHMBUFSH Y BTYUFPLTBFIS SCHMEOYS TBOPRPMAECHULPK CHMBUFY, BTYUFPLTBFYY Y LBFPMYGYNB (IPFS LPTPMECHULBS CHMBUFSH Y BTYUFPLTBFIS SCHMEOYS TBOPRPMAECHULPK CHMBUFY, BTYUFPLTBFYY Y LBFPMYGYNB) ZPDKH Y DBCE PFUBUFY CH LRPIKH lPOUFYFHBOFSH FTEVPCHBMY KHUYMEOYS CHMBUFY LPTPMS (!) ETEHR ), PDOBLP ChBODES ZHEOPNEO OE RPMYFYUEULIK, B, EUMY HZPDOP, NEOFBMSHOSHCHK. uPVUFCHEOOP ZPCHPTS, UBN FFPF DERBTFBNEOF DPUFBFPYUOP UEFLP DEMYMUS O DCHB TEZYPOB: rMO (Plaine, "TBCHOYOB") Y vPLBC (Bocage, "MEUOBS NEUFOPUFSH"); RETCHSHCHK YOYI RTEDUFBCHMSM UPVPK UTEDPFPYUYE ZPTPDULPK LHMSHFKhTSCH Y NBMP YUEN CHSHDEMSMUS Yʺ̱ PVEEP ZHPOB ZHTBOGKHULPK UPGIBMSHOPK TSYOY, B ChPF ChPF ChFPTKHOPYFT LHMSHFKhTSCH YUEN -DETECHEOULPK, ​​UHVLHMSHFHTSCH, PUOPCHBOOPK O UTEDOECELPCHI GEOPUFSI RPYUYFBOYS YENMY, UCHSEEOPUFY RTEDBOYS Y YETBTIYY. NYT vPLBTsB VSCHM SBNLOHFSCHN UEMSHULYN PVEYOOSHCHN NYLTPLPUNPN, ZDE VSCHMB IPTPYP OBBLPNB MYYSH NEUFOBS FTBDYGYS, ZDE BVUPMAFOP RTEPVMBDBMB HUFOBS LHMSHFKPUNTBY, ZDE VSCHMB IPTPYP OBBLPNB NPPFOPYOYK VSCHMB NEFETYS (YURPMSHEYOB) Y ZDE DBTSE ZPCHPTYMY YULMAYUYFEMSHOP O NEUFOPN DYBMELFE (RBFHB). tBKHNEEFUS, CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHP YUKHTSBLPCH U YI, NSZLP ZPCHPTS, UFTBOOSCHNY YDESNNY P LBLPN-FP FBN TBCHEOUFCHE, PV KHOYUFPTSEOY NPOBTIIYUEULPZP RTBCHMEOYS, PVHBZPBOOH ʺ̱hHRTBDOBBV ʺ̱hHRTBBOPBOO DB, LUFBFY, PFCHMELBSUSH PF FENSCH, YOE TBHNB CHPCHUE, B RMPULPZP PDOPNETOPZP TBUUHDLB) Y P RTPUYI OEMERYGBI VSCHMP CHPURTYOSFP LBL RTPUFP-OBRTPUFP PULPTVMEOYE. FEN VPMEE UFP PULPTVMEOYE LFP VSCMP OE FPMSHLP OTBCHUFCHEOOP-DHIPCHOPZP, OPYCHOE NEOSHHYEK UFEREOY RTYENMEOOP-NBFETYIBMSHOPZP UCHPKUFCHB: RP RPSCHUFCHEOOP-DHIPCHOPZP, OPYCHOE NEOSHHYEK UFEREOY RTYENMEOOP-NBFETYIBMSHOPZP UCHPKUFCHB: RP RPCHEPDUYUEFBNZHPMOPAGY, PyFOPAGY, VYTBMY H CHBODEKULYI LTEUFSHSO CH RPMSh ZPUHDBTUFCHB 41,4% YI DPIPDHR. eUFEUFCHEOOP, LTEUFSHSOE CHPUUFBMY. b FP, UFP UTBTSBMYUSH POY, CHPZMBCHMSCHE CH PUOPCHOPN DCHPTSOBNY, RPD OBNEOEN vPZB Y LPTPMS, ZPCHPTYMP OE PV YI YOFEMMELFHBMSHOSHCHI Y RPMYFYUEULYI CHPHOBUCHPCHPCHEPCHPCHPCHPCHPCHPCHPCH SCHI, SOY VSC OENBMP HDYCHYMYUSH), OP PV YI TSEMBOY UPITBOYFSH FPF PUCHSEOOOSCHK DHIPN UFBTYOSCH RTYCHSHCHUOSCHK NYT, LPFPTSCHK VSCHM YN EDJOUFCHEOOP DPTPZ. RP URTBCHEDMYCHPNKH BLNEYUBOYA BNETYLBOULPZP YUFPTYLB UBTMSHB FYMMY, UEZNEOFSH BRBDOPZHTBOGHULPZP PVEEUFCHB, RPDDETSYCHBCHYE TECHPMAGYA, VSCHMY UEZNEOFTVMSHPBGNY, UEZNEOFTVMSHPBGY YY; UELFPTSCH TSE, UPRTPFICHMSCHYEUS EK, VSCHMY MYYSH UMEZLB LFYN RTPGEUUPN IBFTPOHFSCH" (Tilly Ch. Vendée: Sociološka analiza kontrarevolucije 1793. Cambridge; Mass., 1964. str. 12); FPF CE BCHFPT DEMBEF CH LPOGE UCHPEK LOIZY VMEUFSEE RBTDPLUBMSHOSHCHK CHSHCHPD: “VPTSHVB ZPTPDB Y CHILD VSCHMB UHFSHHA CHUEK LPOFTTECHPMAGYY” (Isto, str. 340). zhTBOGKHULYK YUFPTYL CBO AZE CH FBMBOFMYCHPK TBVPFE "UETDGE YJ LTBUOPK FLBOY: JTBOGYS Y CHBODES 1793 Z., NIZH Y YUFPTYS" EEUFCHCHBOYS "(Huguet J. Un coeur eethie roeue d") Pariz, 1985. str. 65). rPFPNKh, RPDSHFPTSYCHBS GENERALNI NBMEOSHLHA YOFETMADYA, PCHBODEE Y EK RPDPVOSHI TEZYPOBI OB AZE Y VBRBDE JTBOGYY (vTEFBOSH, rTPCHBOU, DPMYOB TPOSCH, mBOZFBBLUSCHULPTs, mBOZFBSHFBCHULPTs, mBOZFBBLUSPGYY YPOOBS GYCHYMYYBGYS CHPUUFBCHBMB RTPFYCH GYCHYMYYBGYY OPCHPK, YUHTSPK, UBFBOYOUULPK, ​​RPYuFY UCHSFPFBFUFCHEOOOPK " ( Goubert P. L "Ancien Regime. T. 2. Les pouvoirs. Paris, 1973. P. 83-84). UN. PV LFPN FBLTS RTCHPUIPDOCHE JHODBNEOFBMSHOSHCH RPMS VHB Y nBTUEMS zhPYE: O Bois de P. Les pay" : Des structures économiques et sociales aux options politiques depuis l "époque révolutionnaire dans la Sarthe. Le Mans, 1960; Faucheux M. L" insurrection vendéenne de 1793: Aspects economiques et sociaux. Pariz, 1964; B FBLCE: nSZLPChB e. n. rPMYFYYUEULYK TBDYLBMYʺ̱N Y OBTPDOSHK RTPFEUF (UEMSHULBS CHBODES CHP zhTBOGKHULPK TECHPMAGYY LPOGB XVIII H.) // yuEMPCHEL CH YUFPTYY: Homo politicus. fbnvch, 2000. at. 103-114.

{77} FP VSHMP SCHOP OE RETCHPE UPTsBMEOYE RP BOBMPZYUOPNKH RPCHPDH. lPZDB pritisnite DE yBVKhMPO, OBBYUEOOSHK FBKOP OBVMADBFSH bb zhhye, TBPVMBYUM LBLIE-FP UELTEFOSCHHE NBIYOBGYY NETsDH OIN Y NEFFETOYIPN, OBRPMEPO CHSHCHBM L UELMUEHFYWHFYVE BLIE-FP Yʺ̱NEOOIL, zhHYE! NOE VSC UMEDPCHBMP RTYLBBFSH CHBU RPCHEUIFSH!" zhKHYE, Yʺ̱PZOHCHYUSH CH RPLMPOE, RPLPTOP CHPTBBYM: "sa OE TBDEMSA LFPZP NOOEIS chBYEZP CHEMYUEUFCHB".

{79} uNRETBFPTULBS ZCHBTDYS RPDTBDEMSMBUSH O uFBTHA, UTEDOAA Y nPMPDHA. uFBTBS ZCHBTDYS UPUFPSMB Yʺ̱ REYYI ZTEOBDETULYI Y EZETULYI RPMLPC, PVYAEDOEOOSCHI CH DCHB LPTRHUB (ZTEOBDETULYK Y EZETULYK), RP FTY RPMLB CH LBTsDPN. lTPNE FPZP, LBTsDSHK LPTRKHU DPMTSEO VSCHM CHLMAYUBFSH CH UCHPK UPUFBCH EEE RP YEUFSH RPMLPC: ZTEOBDETULYK RPMLY FYTBMSHETPCH, EZETULYK RPMLY CHPMSHFITSJTPCH. 1. RPMLY ZHPTNYTPCHBMYUSH Y UPMDBF, OD RMEYUBNY LPFPTSCHI VSCHMP OE NOOEE 12 MEF BLFICHOPK (F. E. VPECHPK) UMHTsVSHCH; 2. RPMLY, UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP, OE NEOEE 8 MEF, 3. RPMLY OE NEOEE 4 MEF. nPMPDBS ZCHBTDYS ZHPTNYTPCHBMBUSH YJ CHEFETBOPCH, VSHCHYI ZhKHIMJTPCH ZCHBTDYY, OBGYPOBMSHOSHHI ZCHBTDEKGECH Y DPVTCHPMSHGECH Yʺ̱ rBTYTSB Y mYPOB. h YAOE 1815-ZP PVB LPTRHUB ZCHBTDY VSHCHMY DPCHEDEOSCH DP YuEFShCHTEIRPMLPCHPZP UPUFBCHB ZTEOBDETPCH Y EZETEK, CHRTPYUEN, 4th RPMLY OILPZDB OE RTECHSHPCHOPYB OE RTECHSHPDOPYB; 3. i 4. RPMLY OEPZHYGYBMSHOP YNEOPCHBMYUSH UTEDOEK ZCHBTDYEK. uN. PV LFPN: zPMSCHCEOLCH d. b. ChBFETMPP: JTBOGKHULBS BTNYS CH UTBTSOYY. n., 1999.

oENEGLYK YUFPTTYL JTYDTYI YYVKhTZ CH UCHPEK CHEMILPMEROPK NPOPPZTBZHYY 1956 ZPDB "oBRPMMEPO: UFP DOEK" FBL IBTBLFETYJHEF LFP YNRETBFPTULPE PVMBYUETBEOYE: "INREETBFPTULPE PVMBYUETEOYE: "INREFPTULPE PVMBYUETBEOYE: "INREFPUT SUPBEOYE: "INREPSMMEPO: UFP DOEK FANE OBRPMPCHYOKH TYNULPZP, OBRPMPCHYOKH UTEDOECELCHPZP RPLTPS, OBRPNYOBAEEN P lBTPMYOZBI Y RPIPTSEN O PDESOIE, CH LPFPTPE VSCHM PVMBYEO fBMSHNB H ZTENECHYEK FPZDB RPUFBOPCLE JfBNRMYETCH" (Sieburg F. Napoleon: Die hundert Tage. Stuttgart, 1981. S. 329).

{88} chBTZHPMPNEECHB STNBTLB (Vartolomejski sajam) ECEZPDOBS STNBTLB H mSUDPOE H DEOSH UCHSFPZP chBTZHPMPNES (24 BCHZHUFB).

{*1} UFP TECHPMAGIPOOPE YEUFCHYE UFPMSh BLNEYUBFEMSHOP RP UCHPENKH IBTBLFETH Y UPUFBCHKH, UFP OECHPʺ̱NPTSOP OE RTYCHEUFY EZP ChPUFPTTSEOOP-KHNYMEOOPE PRIUBOYE Y ZBEEFSHBG "UvoluFueFueFeeShipG Pariž" , PE CHUECHP'NPTSOSCHI PDETSDBI, CHPPTHTSEOOSCHI, LBL Y CH YAME 1789 ZPDB, CHUEN, UFP RPRBMP RPD THLH, DCHYZBMBUSH CH VEURPTSDLE FPMSHLP LBTSKHEENUS. BSHMB EURPTSDPUBS FPMRB, B OKTPD RETPPZP ZPTPDB h NET, RTPPOLOHFSHK Yukhchufchpn Orthpdschk Ch FP CHTNS CHCHBCEIEN LABTCOHE, LPFPSHK za UBN DBM Uvese. FTPZBFEMSHOPE VTBFUFCHP Y TBCHEOUFCHP UPUFBCHMSMY EDYOUFCHEOOPE HLTBYOYE LFPZP RTBDOEUFCHB, CH LPFPTPN VSCHMY RETENEYBOSH DTHZ U DTHZPN OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHE ZCHBTEEKNHTH VHBTEEKNHY, VBYPOBMSHOSHCHE ZCHBTPEKNH2 00 UFPMEFOYI YOCCHBMYDCH Y PZTPNOPE YUYUMP TSEOEIO Y DEFEK CHUEI CHPTBUFPC HZPMSHEILY Y TSHCHOPYUOSCHE OPUIMSHEILY VSHCHMY DEUSH CH DPCPMSHOP OBYUYFEM SHOPNE YUYUME. UTEDY CHUSLPZP TPDB PTHTSYS, LPFPTSHCHN VSCHMB LBL VSC KHOYBOB LFB NBUUB MADEK, CHYDOEMYUSH JEMEOSCHHE CHEFCHY, VKHLEFSH GCHEFCH, LPMPUSHS RYEOIGSHCH. CHUS LBTFYOB DSHCHYBMB YULTEOOIN CHEUEMSHEN, RETEIPDYCHYYN CH UETDGB PLTHTSBCHYI TYFEMEK, FBL UFP RP NETE EYUFCHYS UVPTYEE UFBOCHIMPUSH ZTPNBDOSHCHN. pjevajte CHUFTEFYMY VPMSHYPE UPRTPFYCHMEOYE X DCHETEK RETCHSCHHI BRBTFBNEOPCH RPUME HDBTB FPRPTPN CH DCHETSH CHFPTPK LPNOBFSCH OBM OBRPMOYMUS OBTPPN, CHPPTHTSEOOSCHN RYLBNY, CHRBYLPBNY, U CHRBYLPBNY, U CHRBYLPBNY L OIN OPTSBNY, RYMBNY Y RT.” (GIF. RP: pMBT b. rPMYFYYUEULBS YUFPTYS ZHTBOGKHULPK TECHPMAGYY. rTPYUIPTsDEOYE Y TBCHYFYE DENPLTBFYY Y TEURHVMYLYY: 1789-1804. n., 2004. n., 21.39.

{*2} gjf. RP: MAČ b. TSEOEYOSCH CH TSOYOY OBRPMEPOB. ChPMZPZTBD, 1991. u. 29. (oEUNPFTS O UFPMSh RHZBAEE "NOPZPPVEEBAEEE" OBCHBOYE, LFB LOIZB ZHTBOGKHULPZP RKHVMYGYUFB LPOGB XIX CHELB RTEDUFBCHMSEF UPVPK OEPVSCHTPVEEBAEEE OBCHBOYE, LFB LOIZB ZHTBOGKHULPZP RKHVMYGYUFB LPOGB XIX CHELB RTEDUFBCHMSEF UPVPK OEPVSCHTPVEEBAEEE OBCHBOYE, LFB LOIZB ZHTBOGKHULPZP RKHVMYGYUFB LPOGB XIX CHELB RTEDUFBCHMSEF UPVPK OEPVSHCHLOPHEEBAEEEFODPYOPPYOPCHEPCHEOPPYOOPYO , RTYUEN CH RETCHPK YUBUFY LOYZY OILBLYI TSEOEYO, UMBCHB BMMBIH, OEF Y CH RPNYOE, B OBMYYUEUFCHHEF YULMAYUYFEMSHOP CHPEOOBS RPMYFYLB CHRETENEYLKH U OTBCHUFCHEOOOSCHNY UEOFEOGYSNNY; OEUNPFTS O UCHPK ChPUFPTTSEOOSCHK VPOBRBTFYYN, BCHFPT OEPVSHCHUBKOP NYTPMAVYCH RP PFOPIEOYA L PRRPOEOFBN Y L FPNKh TSE CHPUFPTTSEOOSCHK VPOBRBTFYYN, BCHFPT OEPVSHCHUBKOP NYTPMAVYCH RP PFOPIEOYA L PRRPOEOFBN Y L FPNKh TSE CHSHCHOPUIFYfy E ZHBLFSCH Yʺ̱ TSOYOY VPOBRBTFB, OP Y ZHBLFSCH, ZPCHPTSEIE UCHETIEOOOPOE H RPMSh RPUMEDOEZP Y OE H RPMSh ChUEZP OBRPMEPOCHULPZP NYZHB H GEMPN.)

{*3} obYVPMSHYEZP DPCHETYS BUMBHTSYCHBAF GYZHTSCH, RTYCHPDIINSCHE h.z. TECHHOEOLPCCHN. NETsDH 19 DElbVTS 1793 ZPDB Y 5 SOCHBTS 1794 ZPDB CH fHMPOE VSHMY TBUUFTEMSOCH O nBTUCHPN RPME VEI UHDB 800 YuEMPCHEL; LTPNE FPZP, RP RTYZPCHPTH "TECHPMAGYPOOPK LPNYUUYY" fHMPOB CH LPOGE DElbVTS 1793 SOCHBTE 1794 VSCHMY LBOEOSCH EEE 282 YuEMPCHELB (techkhoeolpch h.z.RPzhTEGYUHFP PMAGYY: 1789-1814, urV., 1996. 360-361).

Nastavljam da se nosim na oltaru prosvetiteljstva, i opet, ne iz ličnog interesa, a opet oni koji su snobovski ne čitaju... Ovaj put su me pitali, odgovorio sam na temu

Top 10 knjiga "za lutke" o istoriji Napoleonovih ratova

1. David Chandler. Vojni pohodi Napoleona. Idealna knjiga za "prvo upoznavanje sa temom" je dovoljno debela (dimenzije su sugestivne), napisana razumljivim i "žvakavim" jezikom, i sadrži dovoljno teksture na temu. Za razliku od drugih pisaca Buonaparteovog vijugavog puta, autor se fokusira upravo na vojnu stranu stvari. Otuda glavni nedostatak knjige - opisane su samo one kampanje i bitke u kojima je i sam Buonaparte učestvovao. Naravno, ni sam nisam poznavao Čendlera, ali smo imali (umro je 2000-ih) zajedničke poznanike koji potvrđuju da je bio “kul tip” i vrlo radoznala osoba za sve novo.

2. Henri Lashuk. Napoleonova garda. Francuz, bonapartista, romantično nastrojena osoba - to se mora uzeti u obzir kada se čita Lašukov debela bukva o istoriji carske garde. Iz nje ćete saznati apsolutno sve o ovim čudnim tipovima u krznenim kapama, crvenim saveznicima ili turbanima - kada su se pojavili, gdje su se istakli i kada i gdje su nestali. Pored gore navedenih, nedostatak je isti - predmet autoričinog istraživanja je straža, a piše samo o onim mjestima i bitkama koje je posjetila. Jezik i stil izlaganja je šarolik, blizak "umjetničkom".

3. Henri Lashuk. Napoleon. Kampanje i bitke. 1796-1815. Kao što je poznato od Kozme Prutkova, ako vidite natpis "bivol" na kavezu slona, ​​nemojte vjerovati svojim očima. Lashuk nije imao veliku knjigu, u kojoj je shematski ispričao "pohode i bitke" svog idola. A ovdje u Rusiji, 2000-ih, bilo je "entuaista" koji su odlučili ne samo da "umjetnički prevedu" ovu knjigu, već i da je "dopune teksturom". I tako "dopunjen" da je volumen povećan za otprilike polovicu. A knjiga je imala dva ogromna nedostatka: 1) Bonapartizam je višestruko rastao, „koautori“ su isklesali predgovor, gde su naneli nekakvu glupost o „dvoglavim mutantima koji su kljucali orla“; 2) teško je shvatiti gdje je sam Lashuk, a gdje njegovi "nasljednici", jer "geg" nije istaknut u tekstu...

4. Henri Jomini. Politički i vojni život Napoleona. Shvatite ovaj narod 19. vijeka! Buonaparte je, diktirajući svoja djela, pisao o sebi u trećem licu "car je naredio". A Jomini je, pišući svoje mega-djelo o povijesti svih Napoleonovih ratova (sa zarobljavanjem čak i onog dijela revolucionarnih u kojima je Buonaparte učestvovao), govorio u prvom licu, predstavljajući se kao car: "Naredio sam da se pomjerim ." Na nekim mjestima to daje robustan dizajn, a 1939. sovjetski izdavači su jednostavno prevareni - osim Clausewitzove "1806", iz Jominijevog teksta su stavili i "odlomke iz Napoleonovih memoara o kampanji 1806.". Ali u stvari, ovo je najdeblji opis teme do sada u pokretu, pogotovo ako dobijete poseban tom izdanja iz 19. stoljeća s mapama...

5. Viktor Bezotosny. Napoleonski ratovi. Najviše bezotos živih ruskih istoričara iz 1812, ako ne najrazumniji (još me više raduju radovi Zemcova i Popova), onda barem najrazumniji od poštovanih. Uređivao je Lievenovu knjigu (koja je već bila u drugom vrhu, pa je nema ovde), i generalno, ne pali napalmom i uglavnom piše prave stvari. Tako da se njegov "magnum opus" preporučuje za čitanje - knjiga neće biti nimalo suvišna, pogotovo za "upoznavanje teme roditelja". Da, i na ontornetah dostupno.

6. Oleg Sokolov. Napoleonova vojska. Postoji čovjek-Sokolov, pod nadimkom "Gospodin", koji je dugo i čvrsto zamišljao sebe kao Napoleona i svake godine ga predstavlja na "skupu rekonstruktora kod Borodina". Lično nepoznat, ali "čuo sam i pročitao mnogo svakakvih uglavnom sranja" od onih koji su upoznati. A tu je i pisac Sokolov, koji piše knjige za sebe, koje čak možete i pročitati ako izbacite sve bonapartističke gluposti (o "prokletoj Englezi" i Aleksandrovoj "podmukloj izdaji") i zadržite se samo na teksturi. Neki kažu da mu "crnci" pišu knjige. Ali da budem iskren, u ovom slučaju, ja sam ljubičasta, ja ocjenjujem proizvod - radi se o strukturi i "svakodnevnom životu" naslova. "Vojska" je legendarno izdanje među "onima koji su u temi", jer je pisana još u paklu-kakvim godinama i tada je koštala "parce", a autor se borio za autorska prava kao gladijator. Ali godine nisu pobijedile - konačno je kopiran, a ja sam ga, zapravo, konačno preuzeo (kada to nisam ni želio).

7. Edith Saunders. Sto dana Napoleona. Završene su knjige o temi u cjelini, otišle su one najbolje i najjednostavnije o pojedinim dijelovima teme. Saundersova knjiga (jer je žena) je najobimnija i najjednostavnija kampanja u Belgiji iz 1815. dostupna "na čitanom jeziku". Detaljno, sa citiranjem izvora, hronološki. Teško je, naravno, to more informacija, koje je napisano na engleskom, francuskom, pa čak i njemačkom o ovoj kampanji, u jednu knjigu, ali je autor "manje-više" uspio ovo, zbog čega ona i Gramercy. Nisu otkrivene nikakve nacionalne preferencije, sve je prilično suzdržano i nepristrasno.

8. Sergey Nechaev. Tri portugalske kampanje Napoleona. Pa, zapravo, Buonaparte se nikada nije približio Portugalu, a izdavači su vjerovatno smislili naziv za naivčine. Ovo je, nažalost, tanka, ali vrlo informativna knjiga o tri pokušaja osvajanja Portugala - Junot 1808., Soult 1809. i Massena 1810., koje je dosljedno osujećivao Arthur Wellesley, zvani Wellington. A ovo je jedini komad kvalitetne teme o Pirenejskom ratu na "pokretu spreman", avaj, avaj...

9. Oleg Sokolov. Austerlitz. O autoru vidi gore. Knjiga je veoma upotrebljiva i upotrebljiva, sa izuzetkom prvog poglavlja, gde su uobičajene gluposti bonapartista o "Englezici sere" i "Aleksandrovoj izdaji". Dalje, detaljan i detaljan opis pohoda 1805. godine, uz učešće mase memoara učesnika, kako sa francuske tako i sa ruske strane. Autor čak i svjesno i nehotice razotkriva neke mitove - o "sve je izmišljeno u Parizu", o "Austerlic se igrao po preliminarnom planu", o Schöngrabenu, itd. Napoleonovi ratovi (isključujući možda 1812.) je danas najprikladnije djelo.

10. Gregory Fremont-Barnes. Rat na Iberijskom poluostrvu 1807-1814. Konačno - iz serije "pa to je to, to je ono što je". Ukratko, ali o cijelom ratu. Ovo je prijevod odgovarajućih "Ospreys", dakle, nije posebno nametnut, nisu napravljena nikakva zapanjujuća istorijska otkrića. U stvari, za one koji ne žele da se počešu po rečima Talavere, Busacua, Salamanke ili Vitorije, već konačno saznaju šta se tamo zaista dogodilo. Ontorneti su dostupni u dobrom kvalitetu, tako da nema problema.

Neka vrsta praznika, a ne knjiga) Rad D. Chandlera je prvi put objavljen 1966. godine, ali je očigledno tek sada stigao do nas. Uvećana knjiga, 900 strana teksta, 4 uloška sa crno-belim ilustracijama na debelom papiru, blok od 80 strana sa autorskim planovima bitke, pozorišnim kartama, rasporedom borbi itd. Ali praznik, naravno, nije u dizajnu, već u sadržaju. Knjiga govori upravo o vojnim pohodima Napoleona - detaljima njegove biografije, naravno, donekle ...

Neka vrsta praznika, a ne knjiga) Rad D. Chandlera je prvi put objavljen 1966. godine, ali je očigledno tek sada stigao do nas. Uvećana knjiga, 900 strana teksta, 4 uloška sa crno-belim ilustracijama na debelom papiru, blok od 80 strana sa autorskim planovima bitke, pozorišnim kartama, rasporedom borbi itd. Ali praznik, naravno, nije u dizajnu, već u sadržaju. Knjiga govori upravo o vojnim pohodima Napoleona - detalji njegove biografije, naravno, donekle su pokriveni, ali igraju ulogu koja je podređena glavnoj temi knjige. Stoga ovo djelo ne treba smatrati biografijom. Ovo je prije svega vojno-istorijsko djelo.

Knjiga ocrtava i analizira samo one pohode koje je Boni direktno vodio, odnosno usputno se spominje rat u Španiji, vojne operacije na moru se uopšte ne spominju, što je i prirodno. Površno upoznavanje pokazalo je da je autor, općenito, objektivan u analizi pobjeda i poraza subjekta.
Zaista laka za čitanje, definitivno jedna od najzanimljivijih i najozbiljnijih knjiga o Boni komandantu, impresivna u svakom smislu. Odličan dodatak kolekciji svih vrsta "Napoleonika".

Odavno sam želeo da pročitam ozbiljno delo o Napoleonu, pa sam se, kopajući po internetu, odlučio za ovu knjigu. I nisam pogodio. Zanimljivo napisano i lako za čitanje. Autor detaljno opisuje kako je Napoleon došao na vlast, sve njegove bitke i vojne pohode. Detaljno razmatra strateške i taktičke metode Napoleona. Na kraju knjige nalaze se umetci sa detaljnim shemama boja svih bitaka, formacija trupa, karakteristikama performansi oružja itd. Tu su i naljepnice sa ilustracijama…

Odavno sam želeo da pročitam ozbiljno delo o Napoleonu, pa sam se, kopajući po internetu, odlučio za ovu knjigu. I nisam pogodio. Zanimljivo napisano i lako za čitanje. Autor detaljno opisuje kako je Napoleon došao na vlast, sve njegove bitke i vojne pohode. Detaljno razmatra strateške i taktičke metode Napoleona. Na kraju knjige nalaze se umetci sa detaljnim shemama boja svih bitaka, formacija trupa, karakteristikama performansi oružja itd. Tu su i umetci sa ilustracijama (portreti vojskovođa i drugih istorijskih ličnosti, bojne slike) - ali su, na najveću žalost, crno-bijeli! Zar ih je zaista bilo tako teško napraviti na premazanom papiru u boji, čak i ako je cijena bila veća? Generalno, ovo je jedina stvar koja kvari sliku. I tako, knjiga je jednostavno odlična, pročitala sam je negdje za nedelju dana u jednom dahu!

Jedna od najboljih knjiga o velikom francuskom komandantu. Engleski vojni istoričar stvorio je monumentalno djelo koje otkriva burne aktivnosti Napoleona Bonapartea, a autor se nije ograničio na proučavanje vojnog naslijeđa velikog komandanta, već je smatrao potrebnim otkriti probleme kao što su nivo Napoleonove vojne obuke i njegove aktivnosti kao državnika. Autor nije počeo detaljno otkrivati ​​sve aspekte vojnih operacija revolucionarne Francuske krajem 18. - ...

Jedna od najboljih knjiga o velikom francuskom komandantu. Engleski vojni istoričar stvorio je monumentalno djelo koje otkriva burne aktivnosti Napoleona Bonapartea, a autor se nije ograničio na proučavanje vojnog naslijeđa velikog komandanta, već je smatrao potrebnim otkriti probleme kao što su nivo Napoleonove vojne obuke i njegove aktivnosti kao državnika. Autor nije detaljno obznanio sve aspekte vojnih operacija revolucionarne Francuske krajem 18. - početkom 19. stoljeća, pokrio je samo one operacije koje je sam Napoleon izvodio, pa je niz vojnih akcija ostavljen po strani. Ali u cjelini, ovo izdanje je odličan vodič kroz povijest Napoleonovih ratova, omogućavajući bolje razumijevanje prirode i suštine Napoleonovog vojnog genija. SVE Napoleonove vojne kampanje su detaljno opisane - od Toulona do Waterlooa. Ovu knjigu je prvi put objavila izdavačka kuća Centrpoligraf 1999. godine u samo 3.000 primjeraka, odavno je postala bibliografska rijetkost, te je stoga dobar poklon za sve ljubitelje Napoleona, kao i za sve koji se zanimaju za vojnu istoriju.