In order for South Russian Shepherd Dogs to receive the “Champion of Finland” certificate, the dogs must have an IPO diploma or pass the “Finnish Character Test”, without which it is impossible to obtain the Champion certificate. This test began to be carried out in Russia in 2011 by licensed Finnish judges.

For your reference, we provide a translation of the text below.

FINNISH CHARACTER – TEST

Approved by the Finnish Cynological Federation on 01/01/2007.

Dogs that are at least two and no more than six years old and with appropriate vaccinations are eligible to participate.

Restrictions

Sick dogs
- Females in heat
- Bitch 30 days before giving birth and less than 75 days after giving birth.

If the dog does not score 75 points, then re-participation is not earlier than after 6 months.

GENERAL PROVISION

1. Purpose of testing.

The purpose of the character test is to evaluate and record the dog’s behavior in situations where its nervous system is overloaded. The results of the character test can be used to determine character and trainability.
The test results are necessary for breeders and breed clubs to admit the dog to breeding.

Each individual test is scored, except for the FEARLESS TO SHOTS. Test scores are given from +3 to -3. The significance of each individual test is also assessed by the coefficients that will be indicated below. According to the rules, the points received by the dog during testing are multiplied by a coefficient, which gives the result of each individual test. The overall result (SCORE) of the CHARACTER - TEST is obtained by summing the results of individual tests. The test is considered passed when the dog receives 75 points or more.

2. Test procedure.

2.1. Availability;
2.2. The desire to fight;
2.3. Performance;
A. Performance is at risk;
B. Performance without threat;
2.4, Defense Capability;
2.5. Hardness;
2.6. Temperament;
2.7. Stability of the nervous system;
2.8. Sharpness;
2.9. Fearlessness to shoot.

DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL TESTS

AVAILABILITY (factor 15)

Availability refers to the dog's attitude towards strangers. No separate test is required to assess accessibility. The judge's assessment is based on observing the dog's behavior throughout the entire character test.

DESIRE TO FIGHT (factor 10)

The desire to fight is an innate property of a dog, based on the enjoyment of fighting without any aggression. The dog's behavior during this test can also be called a desire for play, an essential part of which is fighting. For dogs, the desire to fight is a motor activity – a driving force in behavior.

To perform the test, you can use a stick, rag, training fetch or other objects of the conductor. This test should be primarily (primarily) a game between the judge and the dog, and a secondary one between the handler and the dog.
The dog's reticence can influence the test in such a way that it is impossible to detect the desire to fight.

The test begins with small stimuli, the purpose of which is to make the dog grab the object, fixate and maintain the grip. After this the struggle begins. During the fight (game) between the judge and the dog, you can evaluate the strength and how great the desire to fight. After the object has been captured, the judge evaluates the dog’s desire to continue the fight or throw (release) the object.

WORKABILITY (factor 15)

A. Performance at risk

The handler with the dog goes to the starting position indicated by the judge. The test is carried out using a figure (stuffed animal) and a cart, which approach the starting position from a distance of at least 25 meters, jerkily step by step. On the one hand, the stuffed animal resembles a person, but on the other hand, it is completely unrecognizable, has no smell or characteristic movements of a person, and therefore the dog has a contradiction. When preparing the test, the visibility of the figure at the dog's eye level is checked. At the beginning of the test, the figure must be hidden from the dog. The figure is pulled to the starting position using a cord (at least 25 meters long). Using the cord, you can make lateral movements, change the speed of movement, i.e. change the strength of the threat. The conductor must be instructed by the judge before the test begins. The handler should be passive, hold the dog by the leash and look at the approaching scarecrow, not the dog.

When the dog is in the starting position with the handler, the figure begins to move. The first movement of the cart should produce a sound that the dog pays attention to. The best result is achieved by changing the movement: complete stillness, short jerks, oscillations and at the end an attack right up to the handler’s feet. After the attack, the figure remains in place and the dog's behavior is examined. The dog is expected to approach the figure on its own; if this does not happen, the judge instructs the handler in detail to help the dog. The dog is assisted in the following order: The handler turns to the figure; The conductor leans towards the figure; The guide begins to talk to the figure;
The guide places his hand on the figure's neck; The conductor, if necessary, removes clothing from the figure; The conductor knocks the figure over.

B. Performance without threat

The non-hazardous performance test is carried out in a so-called dark room. The dark room must be planned and prepared in such a way that it does not pose a threat to the dog’s health. A dark room is not completely dark, but twilight, where the lighting should be adjustable. The room should have a fence that the dog can walk around and a floor with different floor coverings (film, corrugated cardboard, etc.). Only a judge can allow a dog into the premises. During the test, only the judge handler and the dog may be in the room. The judge instructs the guide inside the room. The path that the dog must take inside the room must be at least 10 meters.

PROTECTION ABILITY (factor 1)

This test involves checking whether the dog has the innate ability to protect itself, its herd, its handler or its territory.

The test is carried out in the form of an attack by the judge on the handler and the dog. The referee making the attack is in cover. The second referee instructs the handler, who begins to move towards the referee, who is in cover. The judge attacks from cover and the handler stops with the dog. The primary (mostly) attack is carried out against the handler, and the secondary attack is carried out against the dog. In this case, the judge can use a stick, whip, rods, however, if the dog shows aggressiveness, the judge attacks only with his “bare” hands. The attack force is adjusted based on the dog's activity.

After the attack, the judge changes his behavior to friendly, i.e. clearly distinguishes between attack and friendliness.

If possible, the judge takes control of the dog and the handler returns to the starting position. The judge gets to know the dog, the handler calls the dog, the judge releases the dog, the judge watches the dog's recovery.

HARDNESS (factor 8)

A dog's hardness refers to the dog's ability to remember or not remember unpleasant and pleasant events. The tests are carried out in two almost identical stages, between which there is a short pause. In the first stage, the dog is caused trouble (fear). In the second stage, after a short pause, the dog is brought to the same place, but without causing any trouble. If the dog reacts strongly to trouble, then the pause between stages lengthens. By observing the dog's behavior, the judge determines how well the dog remembers the place and trouble.

TEMPERAMENT (factor 15)

Temperament refers to liveliness, speed of observation, and the ability to adapt to new surroundings and situations. Most of the well-adjusted dogs are very lively dogs. An active dog very quickly gets used to external stimuli and understands their purpose. The test is performed by causing a sound stimulus from behind the dog. The handler walks with the dog along a designated route straight ahead with a designated sound source. Suddenly, a metal barrel is launched along the ramp from behind, making noise and approaching the dog after him. The handler should not influence the dog in any way while walking.

NERVOUS SYSTEM STABILITY (factor 35)

The stability of the nervous system refers to the dog’s innate reaction to highly variable, irritating situations, as well as the dog’s ability to control itself in these situations without unnecessary hysterics.

A dog's nervous system strength is assessed and classified based on the dog's visible responses during individual tests.

SHARPNESS (factor 8)

Harshness is the ability of a dog under threat to react aggressively.

The handler ties the dog against the wall with a 70 centimeter long cable. The handler, without giving the dog any commands, moves away from the dog’s field of vision. The dog must feel lonely and abandoned. The judge, who is in the shelter in advance, makes an attack against the dog. The attack does not begin immediately after the handler leaves, but after a break, the time of which is determined depending on the behavior of the dog. The attack judge approaches the dog. During the attack, the judge makes strange threatening movements, avoiding direct movements towards the dog. The referee's hands do not rise above the shoulder line. The final attack is carried out individually, depending on the severity of the dog's behavior. At the end of the attack, the judge changes his behavior towards the dog, showing his friendliness and reconciliation. The dog is clearly shown the difference between attacking and being friendly. The judge monitors the dog's recovery. The handler is invited to the dog and the judge observes the dog's behavior.

FEARLESS TO SHOTS

During testing, shots are fired at a distance of 20 to 50 meters from the dog, depending on the terrain, with 9 mm noise cartridges. The fearlessness test is always carried out last. The shooter is in front of the dog, out of its line of sight. The first shot is fired at the judge's sign while the dog and handler are moving. The second shot is fired at the judge’s sign while the dog and handler are standing still. To determine the dog's reaction, you can fire no more than 5 shots.

To fully determine the dog's character, the judge has the right to perform other tests not included in those described above.

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Raising and training a dog

Having chosen a puppy, you should know that you have acquired only its makings, and it is up to you how much they will develop and reveal themselves. For example, if a promising puppy is raised as a “lady for everyone,” then for him, in fact, everyone around him will be his best friends, and there can be no question of any protection. True, such a dog will always be able to protect itself. You can scare or beat a puppy so much that he won't risk showing his fangs for the rest of his life. Or, let’s say, everything is fine with the dog’s psyche, but his physical development leaves much to be desired, and after a couple of minutes of fighting with a person, he will simply refuse it due to fatigue. What about obedience? It is extremely necessary. Otherwise, it is possible that your super-evil dog will decide to flirt with the mongrel bitch in heat at the most inopportune moment for this. So you are faced with a difficult task - to raise a good and obedient dog.

Quite a lot of books have been written about education and general training, so here attention will be focused only on the most important aspects.

Upbringing

Human education, for example, includes psychological, sociological, physiological and physical aspects. Unlike special training, which is implemented in professional activities, education is manifested in social behavior skills.

According to the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov, to educate means: 1) to raise, giving education, teaching the rules of behavior; 2) through systematic influence, influence to form someone’s character; 3) instill, instill something in someone. To be well-mannered means to be able to behave well in the family, on the street, in a team, in relation to the world around us.

If we talk about the social aspect of raising a dog, then in human society it has to play several social roles:

A member of a person's family;

Member of human society;

Member of a society of other animals;

Partner in a pair “human (owner) – dog”;

A biological being in a world of physical stimulation;

Performer of special functions (watchman, protector, companion, hunter, etc.).

The dog must behave adequately towards family members, passers-by on the street, fellow travelers on public transport, towards other animals, as well as towards the owner during training or the dog handler when performing special functions. It must also respond adequately to non-biological environmental factors.

The ability to communicate with living beings, live and act together with them is called socialization. During socialization, the dog learns to identify, recognize and remember potential partners and the rules of interaction with them. Lack of socialization, incomplete or incorrect socialization leads to the development of wariness towards humans and animals or to fear of them and serves as the basis for the formation of undesirable behavior: cowardice, increased anxiety, caution, phobias towards certain types of people or species of animals. And this causes difficulties in managing the dog, training and using it. Sometimes, on the contrary, increased aggressiveness develops.

Like humans, dogs are immature-born species. The process of maturation of the nervous system (its final morphological and physiological formation) occurs already in the process of early ontogenesis with the active participation of environmental factors. This is what nature intended, suggesting a certain optimal level of interaction between a young organism and the environment. If this level is distorted, for example, the body lacks sensory stimulation, the process of formation of the nervous system is disrupted. It has been experimentally established that under conditions of sensory isolation the brain atrophies or, on the contrary, develops above average capabilities when hyperstimulated by noise, odors, taste and visual stimuli, affective influences, etc. Everyone knows the “nursery syndrome”, and in the present tense we have to talk about emergence of “apartment syndrome”.

Early sensory deprivation, which can manifest itself in conditions of limited housing (in a nursery, apartment, on a cottage site), with monotonous environmental factors, reduced physical activity, low level of social contacts (to varying degrees of pronounced social isolation), often causes uncompensated further behavioral deficiencies.

Early sensory derivation leads to the following consequences of varying severity:

Morphological changes in the central nervous system, which are expressed in a decrease in the volume of gray matter of the brain in an animal kept in depleted conditions compared to an animal kept in normal conditions (in animals growing in an enriched environment, there is an increase in the body of nerve cells, the number of dendritic spines and synapses, new axonal processes and an increase in the diameter of brain capillaries);

Inhibition of the formation (maturation) of analyzers, which subsequently leads to a deterioration in learning with their use;

Preservation of the alertness reflex;

Slowing down the decline of orienting-exploratory behavior and getting used to a new environment;

Deterioration of sensory-motor coordination, which is reflected in the difficulty of the animal mastering motor skills;

Activation of the nervous formations of negative reinforcement, as a result of which the animal seeks to exclude the possibility of receiving negative reinforcement even by refusing to receive positive reinforcement;

Reduced resistance to stress and deterioration of constitutional (natural) immunity.

Thus, the psychophysiological side of raising a dog is ensuring adequate maturation (formation) of the central nervous system.

In relation to an animal, it is not customary to talk about character; the concept of temperament is more often used, which means the totality of the mental properties of an individual in terms of his dynamic features: intensity, speed, tempo, rhythm of mental processes and states that characterize the degree of activity and emotionality and manifested in his attitude towards surrounding reality, in the strength of feelings, behavior.

As soon as an animal is born, its genetically inherited properties begin to interact with the environment (by the way, a person is an element of the environment in relation to a dog, even a very active element) and change in the process of interaction. However, they do not change indefinitely, but within the framework of a genetically predetermined variation of the trait, and together they determine the animal’s temperament. The properties of an organism are most plastic before puberty. This does not mean that the properties of temperament remain unchanged after this, but their changes in adulthood are no longer so significant.

Of course, temperament can be formed without a person’s participation and even against his wishes, since this is a biologically natural process. The task of a person is to form a temperament with given properties (within the genetic variation of a given animal), which are determined by the purpose of using the dog. Thus, education is also the formation of temperament.

Education, like training, is also about teaching and shaping behavior, but social behavior. If during training we highlight the neuromuscular aspect of behavioral acts, then during education we focus on the social side of the behavioral act, i.e. the formation of knowledge and concepts. For example, laying down a dog on command is a simple neuromuscular act, and it is not difficult to form it. And developing the skill of laying on command is the area of ​​competence of the trainer. However, the social significance of laying down is quite high: lying in front of someone means accepting a pose of submission, recognizing the higher rank of this someone. In some cases, laying can be seen as the implementation of social behavior. From the point of view of a dog, only the social partner that is dominant in relation to it can obey (i.e., follow commands). Only a high-ranking animal can regulate and correct behavior. This is the point where education and training come together. To correct the social behavior of adult dogs, it is often recommended to train them and, on the contrary, training is much more successful if the dog is properly raised, that is, for the purpose of education, we can use training as a method of education, but education is not training at all. Education and training are united by the fact that both of these processes are involved in the formation of behavior. And their relationship can be compared with the relationship between form and content in behavior as a whole.

Thus, education is a purposeful and methodical activity of a person to shape the temperament and social norms of a dog’s behavior, corresponding to the goals and objectives of its use in the future. Education should ensure the normal completion of the development of the nervous system, adequate socialization, the formation of the desired characteristics of temperament and social behavior, guaranteeing the effective management of the dog, its training and use.

So, start walking your puppy as early as possible, since “kennel syndrome” is also possible when kept in an apartment. Limit, if you cannot exclude, the entry of strangers into your apartment and never (!) allow strangers to play, pet or feed your dog. From the age of 6 months, you can begin preparatory (play) classes with a puppy to develop the technique of fighting with a person, lack of fear of strangers, swings and strikes, but always under the supervision of an instructor.

It is better to engage in special training when your dog is one year old, not earlier. Don't confuse special sports training courses (ZKS, IPO) with what you need. Explain to your training instructors what kind of dog you would like your dog to be. Depending on the task at hand, they will offer you an individual training method.

As a rule, training begins on the field, but the final development of skills is completed in the areas where the dog will work. Like humans, she is prone to forgetfulness, so it would be nice if you organize training sessions every 2-3 months.

Physical training

A dog intended for protection must be mentally and physically healthy. It should not have genetic anomalies, defects, diseases or deficiencies that preclude its special use. In addition, physical fitness is of great importance - it is this that determines the performance and effectiveness of the animal.

The main means of physical training for a dog is a variety of physical exercises performed during walks. Sometimes they resort to special types of training using special simulators. As a result of physical exercise, significant functional, morphological and biochemical changes occur in the animal’s body. Physical exercise simultaneously affects many indicators of the dog’s physical condition, since all organ systems are interconnected.

Regular physical training primarily ensures the strengthening of the movement organ system (lengthening, thickening and increasing the strength of bones; increasing the strength and increasing the elasticity of ligaments; strengthening and increasing muscle mass). Under the influence of exercise, the circumference and mobility of the chest increase, the functioning of the lungs and heart improves, and the appetite and metabolic rate increase. Improving the physical condition creates the necessary prerequisites for the full functioning of all organs and systems of the animal’s body, and has a positive effect on the manifestation and development of the dog’s motor abilities.

Physical exercise increases the force of contraction of the heart muscle and increases its endurance, as a result of which the overall performance of the heart increases, blood supply significantly improves, and with it the nutrition of tissues, organs and systems. The activity of the respiratory organs becomes more economical at rest and effective under heavy loads. At the same time, their reserve capabilities increase during maximum activity and the recovery period after physical and mental stress is reduced.

Physical exercise has a significant impact on the activity of the nervous system. This is expressed in an increase in the strength of excitation processes, as well as in the inhibition of their mobility and balance, which ensures more perfect regulation of all other organs and systems of the body.

Taken together, all of the above changes that occur under the influence of physical exercise help improve health and ensure high performance of the animal.

In the process of general physical training, the dog's endurance, strength, speed and agility increase, neuromuscular coordination improves, and the formation of stable and effective motor skills is ensured. However, sometimes this is not enough, and in this case they resort to special classes.

Development of endurance. P Endurance is the ability to perform any exercise, technique or action for a long time without reducing its effectiveness. It can also be characterized as the body’s ability to withstand physical and sensory fatigue.

Endurance is determined by the efficiency of metabolic processes, the presence of energy reserves, the aerobic and anaerobic capabilities of the animal’s body, the degree of efficiency of relevant skills, the level of coordination of movements, the ability of nerve cells to maintain excitation for a long time, the state of the circulatory and respiratory systems. To increase the dog's endurance, it is brought to a state of fatigue during exercise and worked in this state for some time. At the same time, the body adapts to a similar state, which is expressed in increased endurance.

As an initial and general means of developing endurance, it is recommended that the trainer and the dog run over rough terrain, sticky soil, deep snow, and later - running-towing of the trainer, running the dog in a harness, in a weighted collar (up to 1.5-2 kg) or with weights, running uphill for a retrieval item, running after a vehicle, cross-cycle cycling accompanied by a dog, swimming a dog for a retrieval item and a boat.

The dog's daily run should be at least 6-8 km. Once a week she should run from 10 to 20 km at a speed of 1 km in 4-5 minutes. The duration of operation can be set from several minutes to several hours. The main load trend is an increase in work duration. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the age, fitness and purpose of the dog, the nature and magnitude of its physical activity during the day, week, month, climatic conditions and other circumstances (time and adequacy of feeding, etc.).

The development of endurance in service dogs in a small town can be done with the help of special technical devices - treadmills, “carousels”, etc.

Development of speed. P Speed ​​refers to the dog’s ability to perform long-term actions in a minimum amount of time. Speed ​​depends on the reactivity of the nervous system, the mobility of nervous processes, the morphological structure of muscles, the speed of transmission of excitation along the nerves, the speed of contraction of muscle fibers, muscle elasticity, training characteristics and, probably, on a number of other factors.

Speed ​​can be achieved by performing exercises such as detaining a fleeing intruder, repelling a frontal attack, overcoming obstacles, fetching downhill, and running short distances.

The most effective for developing speed are repeated (3-4 times) runs of 30-40 m at maximum speed and rest intervals of 4-5 minutes.

Development of strength. WITH silt - the dog's ability to overcome or resist resistance due to muscle tension. The greatest training effect is achieved when the exercises are performed by a non-tired dog. It is advisable to start strength exercises either at the beginning or at the end of the training session. There can be 10-15 repeated exercises.

When choosing exercises and determining the nature of their implementation, it is important to be guided by the similarity of these exercises with the mode of work in the activity that ensures the dog’s official purpose.

Strength training means include a variety of exercises that affect either the entire muscular system or individual muscle groups. The most effective exercises, techniques and actions of general and special training courses, in particular jumping over various obstacles, fighting with a helper, etc. Strength can be developed using very simple but effective devices available to every dog ​​handler. One such device is a device for developing jaw muscle strength, shown in the figure. It is made from a rubber shock absorber (A), a rope (B) and a thick section hose (C) through which the rope is passed. The ring is suspended at such a height from the ground that the dog, standing on its hind legs, can grab it with its teeth and hang.

Interest in working on this apparatus is instilled in dogs in different ways. Some make it an object of play in puppyhood, others - a fetch object, etc. In addition to developing the strength of the jaw muscles, when working on the ring, the strength of the muscles of the neck and back is developed, and the ability to breathe under heavy loads with the mouth closed is developed.

Common exercises that do not require complex technical devices include horizontal and vertical jumps. When performing the first exercise, the dog is tied to a harness with a strong rubber shock absorber, and its other end is attached to a tree or pole. A treat is placed at an unattainable distance, a bowl of food is placed, or the person teasing the dog stands there. Such exercises increase the strength of the muscles of the front and hind limbs, develop the chest and shoulders, and strengthen the lower back. The lesson begins with horizontal jumps (5-10 minutes), after which they are alternated with vertical ones for a clearer and more comprehensive study of the muscles and ligaments of the hind limbs. There are different variations of vertical jumps. In the simplest way, the target is hung on a tree branch or on a crossbar, adjusting the distance from the ground with a rope - it should be slightly greater than the height of the dog’s maximum jump. The lesson time is the same as for horizontal jumps.

Development of dexterity. P Agility should be understood as the dog’s ability to perform complex coordinated movements, quickly switch from one motor act to another and respond to unexpectedly changing external conditions. Dexterity is effectively developed by performing exercises such as repelling an attack from two or more intruders, developing a strong grip by intercepting two sleeves, and quickly changing the performance of various skills.

Testing

Before you start training a dog, it is necessary to determine the level of its abilities for protective service, its temperament characteristics and general readiness for special training. The information obtained will allow us to determine to what extent the dog can master the protective service. This is very important, because the owner must first of all know what his dog is capable of and to what extent he can be relied upon. At the same time, the ethical side of the interaction between the trainer and the owner is also important: one should not give the owner empty promises, inflating one’s worth. In addition, the test results will allow you to determine the training method, choose the appropriate methods and methods of influencing the dog.

In practice, for simplicity, dogs are often characterized on a “hard-soft” scale.

A "tough" dog is one that won't back down. You cannot intimidate her with loud noises, unfamiliar objects, a stick or a whip, or kicks. When hit by a stack, she will attack with even greater fury. In such a dog, an aggressive-defensive reaction predominates. A “soft” dog may seem very aggressive in appearance: it will bare its teeth, attack, bark and growl, but under pressure from the trainer it will retreat, i.e. it will have a predominant active or passive defensive reaction. Soft dogs may suddenly show signs of fear by folding their ears or lowering their head and tucking their tail. Other "soft" dogs may bite, but an assistant trainer with a stack (helper) or training sleeve will still force him to give up. Under pressure, she releases her grip. A soft temperament may be the result of an unbalanced character, a lack of expressed ability for defensive behavior, or a lack of self-confidence due to the wrong treatment of the dog by the owner or trainer.

When testing, it is important to remember that some dogs may behave “softly” in unfamiliar territory simply as a result of being unprepared to deal with the proposed situation (instrumental lack of equipment) or because they are unhealthy. Usually, for a more or less reliable assessment of abilities, it is necessary to conduct several training sessions.

To test a dog’s ability to perform protective service, quite a lot of tests have been developed (from the simplest to the very complex) in order to choose the most suitable one from the owner’s point of view. The main drawback of the known tests is the lack of a unified classification of both types of temperament and categories of dog’s protective abilities.

As one of the simplest tests for assessing a dog’s suitability for protective service, the scheme for testing it for special service, adopted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (described in the book “Training manual for dog handlers of internal affairs bodies”), can be used: “For service in the authorities Internal affairs requires brave, moderately vicious dogs that do not get confused under the influence of strong stimuli and know how to “use their teeth” when necessary.”

The mental properties of dogs are determined by the animal’s behavior in certain specially created situations.

The most common mental defect in dogs, which excludes the possibility of their official use, is cowardice. When the inspector approaches, a cowardly animal clings to the owner’s leg; it is frightened by “threatening” gestures and sudden movements of a stranger. It should be borne in mind that some animals that behave quite confidently in their place of permanent residence (in the yard, in an apartment) show cowardice in a new, unfamiliar environment. Therefore, the inspector must see the behavior of the dog on busy streets with the presence of vehicles and working mechanisms.

Overly vicious dogs are difficult to train. Such animals, being on a short leash next to the owner, when a stranger approaches, without any reason, begin to break free and make attempts to attack the stranger. Overly vicious dogs have difficulty getting used to a new owner and cannot always be used even in guard duty.

Courageous, moderately vicious dogs are calm towards strangers. However, when simulating an attack on it or its owner, such an animal without hesitation rushes at the “offender”. The brave animal behaves freely in any environment.

If a dog does not have the above negative qualities (cowardice, unbridled anger), it is subjected to a more serious test.

The owner ties the dog to a pole or tree, and then leaves it and hides in a shelter located 10-20 m from the animal. The inspector comes out of hiding with a stick in his hand and, waving it threateningly, moves towards the dog. A brave, angry dog, left without an owner, watches the approaching person without fear. At the same time, she actively barks at the inspector or silently, carefully monitors his actions. After a person approaches at close range, the animal makes attempts to pounce on the “enemy”. When the examiner swings a rag or clothing at the dog, the dog grabs the said items in its mouth and ruffles them. When a dog attacks a person, the dog’s owner (or another person in the shelter) fires 1-2 shots from a starting pistol. If shots were used to study the search qualities of a dog, then the dog’s reaction to a loud sound is no longer tested. Dogs with a strong nervous system, when they hear the sound of a shot, do not stop their actions or resume them after a short stop.

Dogs that are afraid of threats from a stranger and show severe anxiety after being shot are not suitable for service use.”

As V.B. Vysotsky notes in the book “Escort Dog,” only actively aggressive dogs that strive to protect the owner on an instinctive level are suitable for the role of guards. To determine the ability to perform protective service, V. B. Vysotsky offers a five-step test, developed by him and tested, given below:

"1. Contact with the owner. Invite the owner to release the leash and then call the dog. Then ask the owner to give 1-2 commands and carefully observe the process of giving and executing commands.

Please note:

The degree of subordination of the dog;

What is this subordination based on?

What is a dog to its owner?

Who is the dog's owner?

2. The desire to protect the owner is tested as follows. Reach out your hand to the owner holding the dog on a short leash or collar, which you need to make sure is secure.

If the dog does not respond to you, help it with a sharp lunge towards the owner. With this simple test, you can determine a dog's instinctive desire to protect its owner. However, don't be too quick to jump to conclusions. Always take into account the condition of the dog, the weather and the 1st stage of the proposed test.

3. Innate alertness is tested by trying to pet the dog. First, in a conversation with the owner, try to find out whether the dog’s excessive contact can be explained by “humane upbringing” - in this case, this upbringing can be eliminated.

If you see servility, servility or derogatory immaturity, manifested in the desire to lick the “uncle” in the face or roll over on your back in front of him - be careful!

4. This stage is called “unexpected surprise.” The essence of the experiment comes down to an empty barrel thrown down the stairs. Pay special attention not to the dog’s first reaction, but to its subsequent behavior: it will become interested in the rolling barrel after a moment of confusion, or it will flatly refuse to approach it.

In extreme cases, this check can be reduced to shooting from a distance of 20-25 meters or moving along a plastic film rustling in the wind.

5. Offer the dog a piece of food and apply 3-4 light blows with the protective shield. This way you can once again check the dog's contact and desire to bite (grasp ability).

Each level can be assessed in three ways:

3 - “+” “–”

The presence of three “+” or just one “–” makes it possible to hope for a good final result.

A weaker combination of positions allows us to guarantee the dog’s readiness with certain reservations, namely: the absence of a security zone, contact until a command to kill or provocation, etc.”

According to V.B. Vysotsky, a protection dog must meet the following requirements:

Be actively aggressive, as evidenced by the inability to be free in the presence of strangers;

React alertly, but without fear, to any strong sound or light stimuli;

The dog's aggression must suppress inhibitory factors;

Strive to protect the territory and the owner even without the necessary skill or experience;

Respond to the “unexpected surprise” by adapting quickly.

To assess protective abilities, you can also use a simple test proposed by K. F. Dewet and D. Dewet in the book “The Dog is the Protector of Home and Family.” The test includes a test of balance, psychological stability and instinctive reactions.

1. The owner stands with the dog, holding it on a 2-meter leash fastened to a “police” collar (5 cm wide).

2. The owner pets and encourages the dog to give it confidence. Meanwhile, the “criminal” hides in a shelter or in bushes at a distance of approximately 15 m. The assistant’s retreat gives the dog confidence.

3. At the signal, the “criminal,” using a stick or whip, begins to make sounds that can alert the dog. At the same time, he himself remains in the shelter.

4. As soon as these sounds are heard, the owner stops physical contact with the dog, thereby instilling additional suspicion in it. At the same time, he warily says: “What is there? Listen!". The owner is watching the dog, which should be alert.

5. The “criminal” amplifies the sounds he makes. As soon as the dog becomes alert, he jumps out of the shelter and quickly jumps back. This gives the dog confidence and at the same time arouses curiosity.

6. As soon as the dog becomes alert or shows readiness to attack, it should be praised. You can pet the dog only after the excitement subsides.

7. Now the dog sees the “criminal”, who either hides in a shelter or quickly reappears. Both in the shelter and outside it, he knocks with a stick, hisses, etc.

8. The owner must show enthusiasm and be not only a spectator, but also a participant in what is happening. But at the same time, he should not correct the dog’s behavior. Motivation must also be very limited.

9. The instructor, taking into account how the dog reacts to the “criminal” at a distance, makes a decision whether to continue the test or not.

10. If the test continues, the next step is to apply pressure to the dog. Now the “criminal” moves forward and challenges it directly - he creeps up to the dog sideways, makes various movements towards it, but in such a way as not to overwhelm it. His hand is extended forward as if in an attempt to touch the dog or owner.

11. As soon as the dog makes the slightest movement in his direction, the “criminal” quickly withdraws his hand and runs away like a cowardly hare.

12. The dog wins this round, which increases its defensive activity.

13. The owner immediately praises the dog for a job well done.

14. The instructor, taking into account the dog’s reaction, decides whether it is overexcited and whether it is possible to move on.

15. If it is decided to continue, the “criminal” again approaches the “safety zone”, remaining out of reach of the dog, and begins to tease it. It doesn't last long. The “criminal” runs away as soon as the dog shows a willingness to defend itself.

16. The owner reinforces this behavior of the dog with energetic and sincere praise.

17. The trainer gives the dog a final assessment and decides whether it is ripe to begin guard training or whether it needs to wait.

According to a more complex test from the book by K. F. Dubet and D. Dubet “K-9 - a dog for the protection and protection of property and business”, based on the performance characteristics, each dog is awarded from 1 to 10 points. If a dog has traits of borderline categories, for example from 8 and 9, then it receives 8.5 points.

A score of 10 does not mean that the dog is best suited for protective duty, it simply has a dominant character - self-confident and assertive. The more points a dog has, the more suitable it is for the role of a protective dog (with the exception of the 10th category, which includes representatives who are too dominant to obey a person, these are better suited for guarding the territory on their own).

Temperament scale

1-3 - major problems:

1 - mental and (or) physical retardation. Such a dog, as a result of severe injury, early illness or hereditary factors, is extremely retarded in development. In many cases, mental retardation is accompanied by physical retardation, which is not difficult to immediately notice. This dog can't learn. She does not respond to commands, correction or praise. In many cases, these dogs were rescued at birth by their owners and survived only thanks to medications and intensive care from their owners. Sometimes they have to be carried or led because they cannot find their way out of the house or find a bowl of food on their own. A one on the temperament scale means that the dog is not trainable;

2.5 - curable cases. This dog can be helped to some extent with consistent therapy and training. A thorough examination, blood work and constant monitoring by a veterinarian are necessary to ensure that everything medically possible has been done;

2-3 - choleric (extremely aggressive, easily excitable and unrestrained). This is a genetic and possibly medical problem. Such a dog has an extremely low stress threshold; it responds to any stressful situation - such as a loud sound or the appearance of a stranger - with aggression. Correction applied to this dog may awaken an uncontrollable attack caused by panic. It is very dangerous to keep her in the house and especially to leave her with children, because she reacts with aggression to fear or pain before thinking. She combines submissive postures and body movements with aggressive ones. This is a classic type of cowardly-aggressive behavior. These dogs bite out of fear.

This is most likely a genetic problem, the result of poor breeding selection. Such a dog cannot remain in one position for a long time (for example, sitting), and does not follow commands well. She hardly makes eye contact and is in constant motion. As with hyperactive children, this dog can be treated with medication, diet, or improved living conditions.

4-6 - balanced dogs that can be trained:

4 - sanguine (with lack of motivation). This dog stays away. She is able to follow commands, but lacks motivation and desire to do anything for her owner. She can work for reward with a treat, since her main motivation is selfishness. This type of dog is cheerful, but lazy and does not require much attention. Eye contact is minimal (approximately 25%);

5 - sanguine (average motivation). This is an ordinary social dog. She greets you with interest, but she does not have a defensive reaction. She does not have overflowing energy, although she enjoys chasing the ball. However, she soon gets bored with the game and switches to something else or goes to bed to rest. This is a very good dog for children. She easily, without worry, accepts commands with an even and stable motivation to work. Eye contact is 30-40%;

6 - sanguine (good motivation). This is an excellent candidate for champions in obedience trials, drug detection training, search and rescue, and the like if it has a good sense of smell. She is super social, playful, greets people with her head held high and her eyes cheerful, sniffing them thoroughly. Highly motivated, this type of dog is ready to endlessly chase a ball or stick. She works well for everything - a treat, a toy, praise. Eye contact - about 50%. Such a dog readily gives an alarm, but its barking is more likely to indicate excitement rather than a protective instinct.

7-9 - balanced dogs (with a protective instinct):

7 - balanced (weak protective instinct). This type of dog is cheerful, but slightly aloof from people and exhibits a weakly expressed possessive attitude towards toys, owners and home. The hunting instinct is moderately expressed, and therefore it often demonstrates vocal aggression (barks), which makes it a good house watchman and a means of deterring offenders. However, this dog, when subjected to physical and psychological pressure, loses confidence and is prone to retreat. She is social but wary. Eye contact - from 60 to 70%. She is able to master security training only at the first level. This is a good watchman;

8 - balanced (normal protective instinct). This is a dominant type of dog, but willingly obeys an experienced owner. She has a good hunting instinct and easily passes all three levels of security training, which require an attack on a person and detention. This type of dog has balanced protective and hunting instincts, so it is better suited than others for protecting a store, family, personal and VIP security. This dog is naturally wary of people, but is not overly aggressive towards them. She does not seek confrontation, however, if family members are threatened or on command, she will readily rush to defense. Eye contact is about 60-70%. Body language is slightly less pronounced than that of dogs with a category 7 temperament. Always ready to work;

9 - balanced (strong protective instinct). This dog is extremely dominant and pack-oriented. Although it constantly strives to prove its leadership, such a dog will obey an owner with a fairly strong character. She has a very strongly developed protective instinct, which prevents her from working in a store or among people, but she will make an excellent patrol or guard dog. It can be successfully used to protect areas. Looks straight into the eyes, eye contact - 80-90%. She is very distrustful and does not allow strangers to approach her. The owner of such a dog must have sufficient strength to win its respect.

10 - difficult to train, alpha (extremely aggressive). This type of dog is usually called an alpha leader. She would rather die than submit to anyone. The best thing you can do is to stay away from her, she requires an owner with an alpha type leader personality as well. She will bite her own owner, she is antisocial, and therefore such a dog will make a good guard dog, and that’s all. It should be handled with extreme caution!

This dog is a walking nuisance. If it is not euthanized, then it must be kept only in an enclosure, under the strictest control, using a leash, collar and muzzle. Under no circumstances should it be used for security work surrounded by people - such as guarding a store or home from the inside.

Eye contact - from 90 to 100%. The eyes are frozen, cold, looking straight into the eyes, body movements are not expressed, the appearance is threatening.

Temperament check

Temperament testing is the process of assessing and studying a dog, during which you notice its reaction to the environment, stressful situations and other tests. The assessment is made both for individual parameters and for all of them together. If you evaluate many dogs, after a while it turns out that, based on the similarity of behavior, they can all be divided into several groups. This is why numbered categories are used. An experienced trainer, after 5-10 minutes of getting to know the dog, will easily determine which category it belongs to.

Purpose of the assessment. T The dog's temperament is important to know for two reasons. Firstly, you should simply make sure that it is suitable for a certain type of work. Secondly, different dogs require different training methods, so knowing your temperament will help you train him properly. We need to understand how firm the owner should be, what kind of character the dog has - timid or brave, and whether it is motivated to work. All this is necessary in order to obtain the best result through targeted work and training.

Approach to the dog. To evaluate a dog, you need to approach it and take a leash. Before this, you should find out whether she has completed a training course, whether she has had unprovoked bites from strangers, veterinarians or anyone else.

However, you cannot rely on the words of a person whom you are seeing for the first time and may never see again. If you are trying to evaluate a dog, use a double leash.

Double leash. Give the dog owner two leashes and two training collars to put on the dog. Before you take the second leash, tie the first one to a tree or post to make sure she won't attack you. Two leashes can be used by two trainers.

Dog assessment. IN First, you should pay attention to how the dog reacts to your approach. Start with the simplest commands “Sit!” and notice the dog’s reaction, which can be different:

Does not notice you, does not detect any reaction, is immune to strangers;

A cowardly dog ​​rolls its eyes and shows signs of a cowardly-aggressive reaction;

An extremely excitable dog focuses on everything and nothing at the same time;

Conflicting reaction: the dog barks at you, but is not interested;

A cheerful dog, not too excited, confident, wagging its tail;

An active, receptive dog that sniffs you will work with pleasure;

A confident dog has good eye contact, does not droop its tail, and is good-natured;

A dog can be confident, but remain aloof, work willingly, but be wary;

The dog is confident, with a good defensive reaction, but works with eagerness;

The dog shows uncontrollable aggression, has full eye contact and is ready to attack at the slightest provocation.

The easiest way to recognize a dog's temperament is by its gaze (point-blank). As a rule, the longer she looks into a person's eyes, the easier it is to train her (with the exception of dogs that try to “outlook” you). A good indicator of temperament is body language. When approaching your dog, pay attention to its behavior. Is she afraid? Are you calm? Curious? Aggressive? Has the hair on the withers stood up? Are you tense? Trying to escape? You need to be able to notice all this. If the dog reacts immediately, you must think quickly too. Take her away from her owner so she doesn't try to seek his protection.

If everything went well when approaching your dog, give him time to get used to you before continuing. Talk to her, but don't lower your tone of voice. As a sign of friendship, you can scratch her chest. If there is even the slightest suspicion of an aggressive reaction, do not touch the head and withers, as the dog evaluates this desire to dominate it. When you get a little used to each other, you can start checking.

Checking the dog. IN We have to figure out some things that are important for subsequent training. It is necessary to find out how she will react to encouragement and correction and how quickly she will grasp commands. You need to check whether she is afraid of unexpected sounds, flapping of arms or legs (possibly the result of abuse) and whether she will be distracted during classes.

To appreciate all this, start with the simple command “Sit!” and see how long the dog will remain in this position. Give this command and reward the dog for obedience or, if necessary, correct him if he tries to change position. Then start walking in front of her in a semicircle back and forth (about 1 m in each direction). Usually the dog will remain alert and watch you because in dog language this is a dominant process. At this moment, take a closer look at what position the dog is taking - submissive, neutral or dominant. The audit includes many other things that you need to be aware of.

Example

Nickname: T op

Age: 18 months

Breed: n german shepherd

Excited_____

Calm_____

Indifferent_____

Incredulous_____

2. How does Thor react to correction?

Gets better immediately_____

Afraid of correction_____

3. How does Thor react to commands?

Works willingly_____

Well trained_____

Doesn't pay attention to you_____

When given a command, shows signs of fear_____

Shows defensiveness_____

4. How does Thor react to training?

Stubborn_____

Aggressively_____

Works willingly_____

Distracted_____

Funny_____

5. Eye contact

6. What does Thor Pose tell you?

Constantly looking straight into ____'s eyes

Calm, relaxed_____

Submits well_____

Afraid, worried_____

Aggressive_____

7. How long does it take to learn the commands “Sit!”, “Wait!”?

Sits down quickly and stays in place_____

To learn, you need to repeat the exercise several times_____

Stubborn, does not want to work_____

Shows defensiveness_____

Low level of attention_____

Before completing the test, the dog's stress threshold should be assessed. This test is also called a nervous system strength test. A dog's reaction to a stressful situation may be due to genetic predisposition or previous experience. In some cases it is caused by both.

Fear of sharp sounds. IN take a magazine or folder and slap it on your leg. If the dog jumps away, lifts its head, or closes its eyes, ask the owner if he was punished with a magazine or newspaper as a puppy. It will take a lot of effort to turn a timid or fearful dog into a truly protective one. Sometimes this fails.

Fear of flapping arms or legs. R quickly lower your hand over the dog's head as if you are about to hit him. Did she flinch? Did you cover your eyes? Did you jump away? If she bent down to the ground, it meant she was beaten. If in doubt, ask the owner about the reason for this reaction.

Move your foot sharply towards the dog, but do not hit him. Was she scared? Did you jump away? Did you recoil? If she moved her croup to the side and jumped away, it means she was kicked. Ask the owner about the reason for this reaction.

Sensitivity to touch. IN Depending on the degree of fearfulness of the dog, tested in the two previous tests, it is necessary to determine its sensitivity to touch. If your dog seems overly sensitive, pinch the skin between your fingers. How did the dog bear it? Did you pull your paw away? Squealed? If she has a high pain threshold, grab her by the loose skin on her withers or back and lift her up. How did she react? With fear? Showed a passive defensive reaction?

Environmental awareness test. A good guard dog must be curious. Take a squeaky toy, put it behind your back and squeeze it several times or simply click your nails behind your back. Is the dog interested? The response is considered good if it tries to find the source of the sound. Move the toy, the dog should follow it.

After the dog has relaxed, ask someone he hasn't seen to hide behind a bush or car and repeat the trick with the toy. A promising protection dog should immediately become interested in the sound.

Eye contact. H The more frank the dog looks into the eyes, the higher the category of its temperament. Direct, unwavering gaze into the dog's eyes is a challenge from the dominant individual. Your gaze can cause anything: submission, indifference, aggression. When you look into a dog's eyes, you need to evaluate the percentage of contact, posture and body movement, as well as whether his gaze is soft and good-natured or hard and angry.

Eye contact is undoubtedly the best way to understand a dog. A little experience - and you will be able to predict her behavior, read her intentions, notice the harshness or softness of her gaze and understand whether you will achieve your goals with her.

Temperament Assessment

1-3 - almost no eye contact. The dog looks away, does not pay attention to you or what you are doing. Doesn't meet your gaze. Very distracted. Constantly wants to run away.

4-6 - 25-50% eye contact. The dog will look at you, then turn away. Calm, relaxed, open, interested in everything, your presence does not bother her, and does not try to run away, sniffs, curious.

7-9 - 60-90% eye contact. The dog looks into the eyes for a long time, and sometimes may turn away. Mistrustful, attentive. The body can be tense or relaxed. May be defensive.

10-100% eye contact. The dog's gaze is very cold. The body is very tense. The intention to lash out is clear.

Test for suitability for protective work. P Three qualities are tested: defense against attack, hunting instinct (desire to pursue) and stress threshold, and in all three cases the dog is kept on a leash by the owner.

Defense against attack

The dog's aggressiveness towards the attacker is checked:

I noticed him from afar and became wary;

He warns by barking that he should not approach;

When the attacker comes close, he continues to be aggressive;

Will willingly bite the assistant when he begins to put pressure on her.

Hunting instinct

The dog's attitude towards pursuit is checked:

Will chase the ball;

Will chase a toy that is being dragged along the ground;

Will carry away the “prey”;

He will protect her.

Fear of sharp sounds and touches

Afraid of loud noises? Does he snap if you don’t touch him too delicately? What reactions will your dog show when you do the following:

Will it get scared if you shoot from a starting pistol at a distance;

Will he get scared or jump away if a metal plate or some other similar object rattles nearby;

Does it cause an attack of fear if you pull the skin on your side or back;

Will he jump or dodge if you wave your hand or stick over your head?

The dog should not be either cowardly or vicious.

From temperament (rated in points) to job description

6 - alarm only. The dog does not have sufficient defensive behavior for protective duty.

7-7.5 - a dual-purpose dog, can work in an office, store, as a watchman, etc.

A dog that is off-leash in a place where people are constantly walking and someone might stop and talk to it or pet it should be more reserved than a guard dog. Its first function is to warn and deter potential criminals, and its second is to serve as an “alarm system.” For example, a dog on a property usually barks, warning its owners that someone has arrived.

Dogs are used to deter dogs in many areas of business and, as a rule, such dogs roam freely around the area. A large dog serves as a warning to intruders, a small one gives an alarm when a stranger approaches, especially during off-hours.

8-8.5 - VIP bodyguards, security services of hotels and hospitals, jewelry and gift stores, etc.

A dog accompanying a person, i.e. a bodyguard dog, must be able to behave in the presence of strangers. This also applies to dogs who spend the day guarding stores. They are required to be tolerant of people and at the same time constantly be on guard.

9-9.5 - patrol service.

A patrol dog must have a strong defensive response as it deals with "bad guys" in an urban jungle environment. This must be a “tough” dog that can force a fight and come out victorious. Its main function is to protect people and assist in the active detention of suspects.

9.5-10 - property protection: guard dog on free guard, car protection, etc.

Guard dogs must be independent and pose a threat to others. Their only task is to prevent people from entering the protected area. Since they work independently, it is necessary that they be equally aggressive both in the presence of a dog handler and without him.

It is imperative that you understand the leading role of temperament when choosing a protection dog. If you make the wrong choice, you risk getting either a dog that is too aggressive or too gentle for the job you have chosen for it. Both mistakes can be dangerous for both you and your clients.

There are special tests to determine the future behavior of a dog. The most suitable system for assessing puppies is the test system proposed in 1975 by American zoopsychologist William Campbell to determine the characteristics of the puppy’s character and behavior, as well as the degree of socialization of the puppy and the dominance/submission relationship.

The Campbell test helps determine a puppy's individual personality traits. However, do not forget that even if certain internal inclinations predominate, the owner can modify them by his treatment of the dog. Essentially, it can enhance some traits and get rid of others.

The test consists of five tests: two involve observation, the other three require specific actions. Puppies can be tested at 7 weeks of age; Each trial lasts about 30 seconds, which is enough time for two unfamiliar dogs to establish a hierarchical relationship.

The most suitable age for testing is from 6 to 8 weeks (no later). This system was tested over 8 years on more than 10 thousand dogs. The test is carried out by a stranger in a place unfamiliar to the puppy, where nothing would distract the puppy’s attention. The puppy should not be encouraged or petted. You can't talk to him. Testing is carried out separately for each puppy, each test is carried out only once.

Before performing the test, make sure that the puppy is healthy, happy and alert. There should be no distracting objects or people in the test location.

The test consists of five points.

Test 1. Contact.

The degree of contact, trustfulness and independence is determined by how the puppy reacts to a person.

Running the test:

Place the puppy on the floor in the middle of the room, take a few steps away from the puppy. Sit down or kneel down, bend over and beckon the puppy towards you with your hand, clap your hands to attract his attention.

A- The puppy runs up immediately, immediately, jumps on the tester, growls, plays, licks, tries to grab a hand with its teeth, bites the hands, the tail is raised up;

IN- The puppy runs up immediately, without delay, barks, begins to scratch the tester with its paws, its tail is raised up;

WITH- The puppy runs up freely, without delay, can wag its tail a little, but the tail can also be lowered or tucked;

D- The puppy runs up, but not immediately, but after some hesitation and embarrassment, he approaches slowly, reluctantly, he looks confused, his tail drops or curls up;

E- The puppy doesn’t run up at all.

Test 2. Following a person.

This test is carried out one on one with the puppy, the person does not provoke the puppy with his voice or gesture.

Running the test:

Place the puppy on the floor, and then at a normal pace begin to move away from him at such a distance that he remains in sight. The way a puppy accompanies a person determines its independence of character.

The following types of behavior are possible:

A- The puppy readily immediately runs after the tester, or walks next to him, he is cheerful, tries to grab the legs, his tail is raised up;

IN- The puppy immediately runs after the tester, follows closely or gets underfoot, but does not bite the legs, the tail is raised;

WITH- The puppy walks or runs after the tester immediately, but not boldly, somewhat timidly and a little behind, the tail is lowered;

D- The puppy is very timid, slow and reluctant to follow the tester, confused and embarrassed, the tail is lowered or tucked;

E- The puppy does not follow the tester or goes in the opposite direction (complete refusal to follow).

Test 3. Obedience.

Running the test:

The tester carefully turns the puppy over with its belly up and holds it in this position for about 30 seconds, holding it in the chest area.

The response to coercion shows the extent to which the puppy tolerates physical and psychological dominance, as well as social dominance of the person, in other words, this test shows his submission. The more actively the puppy resists, the more prone he is to dominance.

The following types of behavior are possible:

A- The puppy immediately and actively protests, fights with the hand, twists and bites;

IN- The puppy immediately and actively protests, slips out from under the tester’s hand, and makes an attempt to free itself;

WITH- The puppy initially protests but, seeing that it is useless, calms down;

D- The puppy does not protest at all, licks his hands;

E- The puppy lies motionless, very scared.

Test 4. Social dominance.

The test is designed to determine the puppy's ability to accept or reject social superiority - in this case, a person.

Running the test:

The puppy stands or lies in the “sphinx position” (the puppy lies with its head raised, its back and head are supported with its hands). The tester strokes the puppy along the back.

If the puppy himself is prone to superiority - dominance, then he will jump, bite and growl. If the puppy is independent, he will try to move aside, and if he is cowardly, then in panic, tense up, he will press himself to the floor until he screams and hastily runs away.

The following types of behavior are possible:

A- The puppy immediately shows joy, jumps up, scratches, trying to turn around, jumps on the tester, hits him with his paws, growls and bites, licks his hands;

IN- The puppy jumps up, struggles and turns to scratch or bite, hits the tester with its paws, licks hands;

C- The puppy tries to resist, but calms down, turns to the tester and licks his hands;

D- The puppy lies down on its back in front of the tester and licks its hands;

E- The puppy runs far away and doesn’t come any more.

Test 5. Self-esteem.

Running the test:

The tester lifts the puppy off the floor and holds it there for about 30 seconds, supporting it with both hands under the tummy and chest. Without support, the puppy will feel completely at the mercy of the tester.

The following types of behavior are possible:

A- The puppy protests furiously, breaks away from the hands of the tester, bites and growls;

IN- The puppy actively protests, but does not bite;

WITH- The puppy begins to protest, and then calms down and licks the tester’s hands;

D- The puppy does not protest at all, hangs calmly or licks the tester’s hands;

E- The puppy is scared, tense and freezes, or whines in fear and tries to escape.

Test results.

The method for determining a puppy's character is to count all the A's, B's, C's, D's and E's.

After testing, each puppy must be marked with four letters. Based on these combinations, the following characteristics of the puppy’s character can be given.

So, if the puppy has:

Most answers are A– predominantly dominant aggressive behavior of the dog (this is choleric).

This puppy cannot be recommended as a companion dog. In the future, subject to proper training, the dog can become a good guard or perform other service, but it initially needs an experienced trainer, and not a novice dog breeder.

Most answers B- a dog predominantly with a strong, balanced character (this is a sanguine person).

Such a puppy will grow into a good service dog, but the puppy requires very serious training.

Most answers C- a dog with predominantly good learning abilities and a balanced temperament (this is a phlegmatic dog).

However, training such a dog will require a lot of patience from the owner.

Most answers D- predominantly submissive behavior.

A dog of this type (an inhibited phlegmatic or melancholic) is not very suitable for service training, but can be a good companion, provided it is properly raised.

Most answers E- a dog with a predominantly depressed psyche, uncommunicative, unpredictable (melancholic, defensive instinct expressed in a passive form).

If we consider the test results in more detail, we get the following:

If the result is 2 A or more along with several B:

It is believed that such a puppy will try to dominate and subjugate everyone. It can be potentially aggressive and prone to bite if it encounters harsh treatment from humans or its conspecifics. It is not recommended to take such a dog into a family where there are small children or old people. Raising a dog with this type of character requires patience and a consistent approach to training. The atmosphere in the family should be calm. Such dogs should be raised calmly, without physical punishment.

With a result of 2 A and 2 B:

This puppy is aggressive and can bite. Not recommended for children, teenagers, elderly people. Not suitable as a companion. However, such a dog will always protect its owner in case of danger.

If the result is 3 V or more:

This is a puppy with the makings of a leader, loyal, with a pronounced spirit of competition. It is believed that such a dog has a tendency towards calm, confident superiority and leadership. She will have the ability to train and perform at exhibitions. With the right training strategy, such a dog will become a devoted and obedient friend. It is comfortable and pleasant to be with him in any environment - both in a crowd and at home on the sofa.

If the result is 3 C or more:

This is a puppy with the makings of an ideal companion. It is believed that such a dog will adapt perfectly to any conditions. She is obedient and perfect for a family with children and elderly people. However, problems may arise with the dog developing elements of independence. This dog requires encouragement.

For a result of 2 D or more, especially with 1 or more E:

This is a very submissive puppy. Perfect for children and the elderly. It is believed that such a dog is subject to the influence of circumstances and is prone to submission; for confidence, it needs close, constant contact with a person, it needs encouragement. Parenting tactics should be based on constant attention to her, love and sensitivity. Such a puppy requires a gentle approach; training can be lengthy. Such a dog is usually calm in a family where children are raised, but may bite if treated poorly, this is a form of passive defense.

If the result is 2 D or more in combination with E in the “social superiority” section:

A type D response indicates a tendency to run away. Such a dog may have difficulties in the process of socialization; it is necessary to use special training methods. Such a puppy is not suitable for contact. If, during testing, such a puppy receives another grade of A or B, then he may have a tendency to attack out of fear, especially when punished. If during testing the puppy also received several C or 1 D, then such a puppy will probably get lost in stressful situations and will be unbalanced with children. His behavior is unpredictable. Requires constant monitoring and training using a special technique. Unsuitable for a show career.

If the result is 2 E or more:

Such a puppy has difficulty making contact. If reactions of type B and C are added, then they are caused by fear. Such a dog will be difficult to train. Educational measures will have virtually no impact. May bite out of fear or in a stressful situation. Such a dog should not be taken into a family with children. Requires an experienced approach to training. Unsuitable for a show career.

When combining opposite qualities A and E:

With age, such a dog will have an unpredictable character. The dog's behavior will depend on too many factors. Some stability of behavior will be observed only in conditions familiar to her.

The test results cannot be considered final, because during testing the puppy may be hungry, scared, feel unwell, or simply be in a bad mood. Therefore, in order for the results to be reliable, the tests are repeated two to three times over several days. To clarify the result, you should repeat testing the selected puppy under other conditions and only then make a final conclusion:

A- Very dominant type;

IN- Dominant type;

WITH- Submissive type;

D- Very submissive type;

E- A virtually uneducable type.

Based on materials from the book "Encyclopedia "Dogs"",
2003, edition in Russian:
Publishing house CJSC "Publishing House "Friend"

Dog temperament, like human temperament, is the result of a combination of genetics and environmental influences. It shows how your dog reacts to people and other objects in his environment, including other animals and various noises. The reactions demonstrated are mostly instinctive, but are also influenced by the external environment. Determining your pet's temperament will allow you to get to know and understand him better. Typically, determining the temperament of an adult dog is best left to professionals, but if at the same time you know the testing procedure itself, it will be easier for you to understand its results. Temperament determination usually takes about 15 minutes.

Steps

Preparing to test your dog's temperament

Decide on the purpose of testing the dog's temperament. There are a wide variety of dog temperament tests, so the first step is to understand what you want to test. You may need to test your dog to see how well it gets along with children or whether it can become a guide dog. When you know exactly what kind of testing you need, the list of organizations conducting the relevant types of tests will be significantly reduced.

Take your dog to the vet. Before undergoing temperament testing, your dog should be examined by a veterinarian. Certain medical problems (such as arthritis) during testing may affect the responses the dog exhibits. If health problems are not identified in advance, the person conducting the test may incorrectly assess the results of the test.

Get your dog's complete medical history from your doctor. The more information about the dog the person responsible for testing knows, the more objective his assessment will be. You must tell him the dog's breed, age, gender and reproductive status (whether or not spayed or neutered). In addition, it would be a good idea to write down information about how the dog usually reacts to people and other animals, as well as whether it has completed any training courses.

Write down information about yourself. In addition to your dog's complete history, the tester will also need to know some information about you, especially your experience in raising and training dogs. Information about the family situation (presence of children, other pets) and the possibility of additional training for the dog based on the results of testing its temperament will also be useful.

Prepare the accessories necessary for testing. Before testing, check the strength of the collar and leash. The tester will give your dog a series of testing exercises, for which the reliability of the collar and leash will be important. If your equipment is already worn out, purchase new equipment to replace it in advance so that your dog has time to get used to it before being tested.

Choose a location to test your dog's temperament. Testing should be carried out in a controlled area free of distractions. The territory must be unfamiliar to the dog. If you are unsure where to choose for testing, your veterinarian can advise you.

Choose a tester and someone who will control the dog for you. It is very important that the dog is not familiar with these people. This increases the overall objectivity of the testing performed. It is also important to choose an experienced assessor who has received appropriate training in a dog temperament testing program.

Watch how the dog moves on an unfamiliar surface. During this test, the dog will have to walk on two types of unfamiliar surfaces: a plastic track (4.5 m x 2 m) and grids from a folding playpen laid out on the ground (4 m x 1 m). In this case, the way the dog moves on an unusual surface will be assessed. Is she afraid? Can you overcome your fear? Are there signs of curiosity when walking on a new surface?

Test your dog's self-defense qualities and aggression. This test consists of several steps that allow you to observe the dog's reaction to an increasing threat. In the first stage, your dog and its handler will stop at a designated point and a strangely dressed person will walk 12 m in front of them. The tester will see if the dog sees anything unusual in this.

Use the test results to adjust your dog's subsequent training program. No dog can perform perfectly in all situations. Something may be perfect, but something will not work out very well. Fortunately, temperament testing can help you identify problems. In the future, you can concentrate your training on what needs correction.

Checking the puppy's temperament

Do a test by turning the puppy over on its back. You can test your puppy's temperament yourself or have it done by someone who is familiar with the genetic pedigree of the entire litter of puppies. For this test, you need to turn the puppy over on his back and hold his chest with your hand for about 15 seconds. The test will allow you to see how strongly the puppy will resist this position.

Gently press down on your puppy's paws. When the puppy is standing on all four paws, place your hands on his front paws and apply gentle pressure. Hold his paws down for about a minute, then do the same with his back paws. You should press the paws only enough to immobilize them, but not to hurt the puppy. As with the rollover test, this tests the puppy's degree of resistance.

• If pain occurs, the puppy will resist in any case, whether he is dominant or submissive in nature, so it is very important not to hurt the puppy during this test.

1. Check your response to touch throughout your body. Gently touch the ears, paws, belly, etc. Pull the puppy's ears lightly. Pay close attention to how your puppy reacts to you. Whether he likes your actions, whether he tries to run away from you or bite you, all this will give a good idea of ​​​​his temperament.

   Pick up the puppy. To pick up your puppy, place your hands under his belly and lift him into the air. Hold it like this for about 30 seconds. If the puppy starts to struggle and clearly wants to return to the ground, then he is quite dominant and independent. If the puppy is happy with you holding him, then he is quite submissive, and he may even try to lick you.

Dog testing Dog testing

Introduction
Chapter 1. Testing Objectives
Chapter 2. Composition of testing.

- general provisions
- inspection
- checking social adaptability
- sound test (shot)
- dog assessment method
§ 2. ZTP
- exterior assessment
- temperament assessment
§ 3. Korung

- baby
- puppies
- adult dogs
- the relationship between testing, training and trials in the service dog selection system
§ 5. Testing V.B. Vysotsky for protective guard dogs


- temperament scale
- testing

Introduction

An animal, like a person, is individual. It has a unique genotype. Individual genotypic properties develop and transform during life, becoming phenotypic. As individuals, animals differ from each other not only in morphophysiological characteristics, but also in psychological properties - abilities, temperament, emotionality.
Abilities are defined as the individual psychological characteristics of the organism, which express its readiness to master certain types of activities and to carry them out successfully. Abilities are transmitted genetically in the form of inclinations. The realization of inclinations is determined by many factors. Experiments carried out on various animals, where “smart” were crossed with “smart” and “stupid” with “stupid”, showed the possibility of accumulating a genetic predisposition to successful learning.
When raising an animal, one cannot underestimate the importance of rearing conditions for the formation of abilities. It is important to take into account that environmental factors have a weight commensurate with the heredity factor, and can sometimes completely compensate for or, conversely, neutralize the effect of the latter.
The working qualities of a dog mean the presence of specific psychophysiological characteristics, skills, and a certain degree of performance, reflecting the dog’s readiness to perform any work. Of great importance for the practical use of a dog is performance, as the body’s ability to effectively perform a given activity for a certain time. Performance depends on external conditions, as well as the mental and physiological characteristics of the body. The working qualities of the dog are diagnosed and assessed through testing and the degree of mastery of various training courses.
The user's purpose determines the requirements for the dog. The requirements can be very specific, but they must include the following three general components: breed-appropriate conformation and condition, proximity to the desired type of constitution, specific working (service) qualities of the dog. There is no clear interdependence between the properties of these components, but they are closely interrelated, since they are based on the innate natural qualities of the dog. Clarification and correct assessment of natural qualities ensure the correct choice and education of the dog, achieving successful results in training.
Natural qualities are a complex of anatomical, biological and physiological characteristics of an organism associated with the way and living conditions of an animal, constantly manifested in its behavior. The behavior of dogs of different breeds can vary greatly. Each breed, along with general, consistently manifested species characteristics, has typical, predominant behavioral forms and movements. Breed characteristics of behavior are fixed hereditarily, formed phylogenetically on the basis of innate forms of behavior, the simplest adaptive reactions and stereotypical sequences of movements, primarily under the influence of environmental conditions and maintenance, economic use and artificial selection. But even among representatives of the same breed, due to the genetic basis - the presence of different genotypes - behavior manifests itself differently.

Chapter 1. Testing Objectives

Dog testing used to select an individual for specific purposes - for example, to perform some kind of service or for breeding. Dog testing necessary to determine their physical and behavioral characteristics. It is carried out within the framework of breeding shows, and successful completion of tests in the manner prescribed by the Directives is a prerequisite for admitting a dog to participate in the open and working classes of specialized exhibitions, as well as to evaluate the exterior as part of a breeding show.
The original testing, which assessed inherited or acquired skills and abilities, had a purely functional purpose. In most cases, the environment was quite homogeneous (for example, in dog military schools), so the results showed that trainers and breeders over time begin to successfully predict the “courage” or “trainability” (the ability to quickly learn to carry out simple commands) of certain individuals.
Testing at different stages of ontogenesis (at different stages of life and individual development of the body) allows you to most fully identify the natural properties of a dog, determine the features of the formation and manifestation of behavioral reactions, further specialization of application and the main approaches to dog training. The behavior of a dog is innate not in the sense of performing specific actions, but in the possible limits of their manifestation in accordance with given environmental conditions. That is, the manifestation of behavioral reactions depends on the degree of neurophysiological development and maturity of the dog’s neuropsychic activity, the conditions of keeping, raising and training the dog. That is why, for the development of the service branch of cynology, tests that reflect the genetically determined, hereditary, working qualities of a dog are of greatest interest.
The Russian Canine Federation has introduced mandatory testing for breeding suitability, psychological tests for social adaptation and aggression.
In general, two categories of tests can be distinguished:
1) to accumulate statistical material;
2) tests that allow you to predict the possible result and ways to achieve it.
A testing system that allows not only to identify, but also to shape the desired behavior of a dog, should be based on predictive type tests. Its practical implementation can be represented, to a first approximation, by the diagram below. The required service qualities, the corresponding character and temperament of the dog’s behavior are the influencing core, and age tests and assessment of the service skills of a dog that has undergone special training are the defining elements of the system of selection, education, training and breeding of service dogs. It is the cyclically closed structure of the functioning of the system that also allows us to consider it as one of the selection methods in service dog breeding. The influence of initial ideas about the purpose and performance qualities of a dog on the analysis and evaluation of test results, on the one hand, scientific validity and detailed elaboration of testing programs for each age period, on the other hand, make it possible to both improve and modify the system of selection and training of dogs .
Any scheme remains just an idealized model of a process or method of obtaining the desired result until its correctness and effectiveness are verified by practical implementation. But we should remember the “animal paradox” in dog breeding. Many dogs of primitive and semi-breed breeds have user qualities (albeit very specific ones) that are higher than those of cultivated, or rather “cultivated” dog breeds by humans. This was mentioned more than a hundred years ago in essays on the history of the origin of breeds by the Russian naturalist, game manager and dog handler L.P. Sabaneev, which he wrote for the complete publication of his unfinished book “Hunting, Pet and Guard Dogs”. Finnish zoologist Eran Bergman, author of the only popular science book “Dog Behavior,” noted the extinction of important breed behavioral characteristics when selecting dogs only for exterior characteristics. Nobel Prize laureate, the most outstanding of the founders of modern ethology, Conrad Z. Lorenz, warned that “only very few of the purebred dogs are distinguished by good natural mental qualities, and least of all those breeds that at times became “newfangled” and therefore attracted excessive attention to their external characteristics. Animals of each such breed, having undergone purely external improvement, simultaneously suffered spiritual and mental damage." Now many people already understand that the absorbing development of the exhibition direction in cynology alone leads to the same consequences. With poorly controlled and even arbitrary breeding of commercial dogs of local breeds, a selection system inevitably operates, including, along with the natural one, another no less stringent factor - artificial selection. Dogs that do not meet human needs are destroyed or die, deprived of human care and support.
The testing and selection system is designed not only to determine the suitability of a dog for any type of use, but also to facilitate the creation of entire breeding lines with special distinctive properties while maintaining, of course, the basic breed qualities. The desire of breeders to increase the average level of quality of the breed population should not lead to leveling out the distinctive and, especially, outstanding characteristics of its representatives.

Chapter 2. Composition of testing

§ 1. Regulatory documents of the Russian Cynological Federation

Regulations on testing the behavior of dogs for admission to breeding
Adopted by the RKF Breeding Commission on April 18, 2000. and approved by the Presidium of the RKF on May 10, 2000.

1. General Provisions
To select for breeding work dogs that have full behavioral reactions and meet the requirements of the standard, to identify and not allow for breeding use dogs that have obvious deviations in the psyche and behavior (cowardice, excessive aggressiveness).
This test is designed to evaluate a dog's natural behavioral responses.
Testing is carried out by a commission of experienced breed specialists, which includes an RKF expert on working qualities and an expert on the given breed.
The commission authorized to evaluate dogs according to this Regulation must meet at least once a quarter so that everyone can have their dog tested at a time convenient for them.
Dogs that have reached the age of 12 months and have a brand are allowed to take this test.
The owner of the dog is required to present the original pedigree to the commission.
Ratings: positive (T1 and T2) and negative (-).

2. Inspection
The expert checks the brand number on the dog with the brand number indicated in the pedigree. Then the dog is examined. A mandatory requirement is to check the bite and dental formula, as well as the presence of testes in male dogs. A manual examination is carried out by a breed expert.

Rating system:

pronounced timid behavior (-)
short-term aggressive, timid or pronounced indicative behavior, easily corrected by the owner (T2)
indifferent attitude or short-term indicative behavior (T1)
pronounced aggressive behavior (-)

3. Checking social adaptability
An owner with a dog on a loose (sagging) leash 1-1.5 meters long walks through a group of people (at least 5 people). People's behavior should be natural, without aggression or fear. They must move in different directions, can gesture, talk loudly, laugh, bend over, squat. At the same time, they do not pay attention to the dog being tested and do not try to scare it. The owner is allowed to communicate with the dog and correct its behavior.
The number of passes through a group of people should be sufficient to assess the nature of the dog’s behavior (at least 3 times).
Then the expert approaches the dog owner, shakes his hand, and talks to him for a while.

Rating system:

difficult to extinguish timid behavior (-)
timid, aggressive, pronounced indicative behavior, easily corrected by the owner (T2)
calm, friendly or indifferent attitude (T1)
difficult to extinguish aggressive behavior (-)

4. Sound test (shot)
A dog on a loose leash during a test. At the expert’s signal, a starting pistol is fired twice from a distance of 20-25 meters from the dog. It is possible to check a group of dogs at the same time, but no more than 5 dogs.

Rating system:

pronounced timid or prolonged (more than 30 seconds) indicative behavior (-)
short-term (no more than 30 seconds) indicative reaction (T2)
indifferent attitude (T1)
aggressive behavior (-)

5. Dog assessment method
1. The final score of the dogs is based on the results of three tests.
If T1 scores predominate, the dog is considered to have successfully passed the tests.
Dogs rated T1 most closely meet the requirements of the breed standard for natural behavioral reactions.
If T2 scores predominate, the dog is considered to have passed this test. She has acceptable, although not entirely consistent with the requirements of the breed standard, behavior. When using such a dog for breeding, you should pay attention to the correct selection of a pair, so as not to perpetuate undesirable behavioral reactions in the breed.
The final test score is recorded on a score sheet, a copy of which is given to the dog owner. In addition, the dog owner is issued a special diploma, or the test results are entered into the qualification book.
The diploma must contain the following information: breed, name, gender, date of birth, pedigree and brand number, color, owner's surname, score for all three tests, final score, date of testing, surname and name of the expert and commission members.
Score sheets must be submitted for registration to the RKF.
If a dog passes the tests with a T2 score, then it must be tested every two years.
2. If a negative assessment is received at any stage of this test, the dog is removed from the test and is considered to have failed this test.
The examiner marks “test failed” on the dog’s evaluation sheet.
Dogs that receive a negative assessment may be allowed to be retested, but not earlier than after 3 months. Repeated testing is carried out no more than two times.
Dogs that fail the test three times are disqualified and considered unsuitable for breeding, as their behavior does not meet the requirements of the breed standard. This mark fits into the dog’s pedigree and is noted in the database.
This Regulation can be used for all breeds, except for the German Shepherd, which has mandatory tests for working qualities according to the standard. To admit a German Shepherd to breeding, a Körung is required.
This test (in parts 1-3) must be passed by dogs of the following breeds: Boxer, Doberman, Rottweiler, Giant Schnauzer, Black Russian Terrier, YuRO, SAO, KO, Moscow Watchdog, Belgian Shepherds, Briard, Bouvier des Flandres.

§ 2. ZTP

The best known in Europe are the ZTP (breedable) and Korung tests, which were originally developed in Germany and are now common in several other countries.
The ZTP test can only be attempted for the first time when the dog reaches 14 months of age. Only dogs that meet certain requirements and have passed a preliminary examination are allowed to take the test. First, the dog must have a clearly legible tattoo (usually done at an early age on the inner surface of the ear or groin). The tattoo number must match the number in the pedigree. Second, x-rays must be taken and submitted for hip dysplasia. Acceptable results are HD-1 (free from dysplasia) and HD-2 (transitional to dysplasia).
Testing is carried out in two stages: assessment of the dog’s exterior and temperament, which includes an assessment of the degree of social adaptation of the dog and its work on protection and protection.

1. Exterior assessment.
The judge evaluates the anatomical structure and physical development of the dog, comparing its characteristics with the description given in the Breed Standard. The rules provide for five degrees of exterior assessment:
V - excellent
SG - very good
G - good
Bef - satisfactory
Ungn - unsatisfactory
To successfully pass this stage and move on to the next, the dog must receive a rating of at least “good” for females and “very good” for males. All dogs must have a correct bite and a complete dental formula (minimum 42 properly spaced teeth).

2. Temperament assessment.
At this stage, the judge evaluates the dog’s character and temperament, i.e., determines how self-confident the dog is, how quickly it can recover from shock, how developed its protective instinct and fighting spirit are, whether it has courage, firmness, speed of reaction, what is her threshold of excitability and contact with the owner, is she afraid of shots.
Testing involves simulating various extreme situations unexpected for a dog, in which it must demonstrate the correct behavior - composure and restraint, adequate reactions, obedience, etc. When assessing a dog’s temperament, it is taken into account how it reacts to the situation that has arisen and how quickly it can deal with it.
To assess the degree of social adaptation, the dog is passed through a group of strangers moving in different directions, who have various provoking psychological effects on the dog: talking loudly, gesticulating, opening umbrellas in front of the dog, etc. Inappropriate reactions characterizing an unbalanced dog’s temperament are wary , “prickly”, “sneaky” look, nervous licking of lips, trembling, raised fur, hysterical barking, sudden jerks; a noticeable desire of the dog to “shrink”, “to cower in fear, to hide behind the owner, or, conversely, aggressiveness (anger and attempts to bite). The dog should not look worried, agitated, insecure, or behave threateningly. Any manifestations of uncertainty, nervousness, fear, anxiety or other inadequate reactions to the stimuli used are recorded in a special questionnaire.
The temperament assessment also includes testing the dog's guarding and protective abilities. For such a test, extraordinary psychologically stressful situations are simulated that can reveal the slightest nuances in the dog’s behavior and reveal its strengths and weaknesses. For example, the depth and strength of the “grip” are directly dependent on the nervous system (weak or strong). If the dog cannot immediately grab the intruder and hold him for the required time (until the owner approaches), or begins to “intercept”, which is called “playing the harmonica,” or tries to “grab” only with his front teeth, this means that the dog does not have enough courage to pass the test and she has a weak nervous system... Passing this test is a matter of honor for a dog of any "working" breed.
Many owners try to prepare (as best they can) their pets for this test, but there are tests that are impossible to prepare for because they involve many unexpected situations that require instantaneous responses. Therefore, the final result depends more on the genetically determined characteristics of the dog than on the degree of its preparedness.
Testing usually takes a full day. During this time, no more than twenty dogs are tested. The test results are entered in a special form (questionnaire of the tested dog) and can be as follows (in descending order): V-1A; V-1B; SG-1A; Sg-1B; 3 Mon. Zuruckgestellt.
Markings V (excellent) and SG (very good) - assessment of the dog's exterior.
Markings IA and IB - temperament assessment:
1A - the dog has an excellent temperament;
1B - the dog's temperament is at an acceptable level in order to pass the test and be allowed for breeding, but still not excellent in all the nuances of its manifestation.
If, as a result of testing, the dog received a score of "3 Mon. Zuruckgestellt", this means that the test has not been passed, but after 3 months another attempt can be made to pass the test. If the result of a second attempt is negative, the dog is forever excluded from the number of candidates for the next tests and is declared unsuitable for breeding. Dogs that fail this test are not allowed to be bred.

§ 3. Korung

After successfully passing the ZTP, only dogs that harmoniously combine excellent character with excellent conformation have the opportunity to try to pass another test - "Korung". To obtain the title "Korung", you must successfully pass the following tests:
- thorough analysis (assessment) of the dog’s exterior (features);
- testing of temperament (character).
The test can be taken twice, and if the dog manages to successfully pass the test twice (re-testing can be undertaken at least 2 years after the first), then it receives the title Angekort for life. Testing is always carried out by a special Kerung Commission, which includes the President of the Club, the Responsible for breeding and the Judge for working qualities.
1. The exterior of the dog is assessed very strictly, and an accurate measurement of the main accepted parameters is required: height (height at the withers), chest depth, body length, head length, chest girth, skull girth. Practice shows that it makes sense to take other measurements: the circumference of the pastern, the length of the forelimb from the elbow (plumb) to the ground, as well as the circumference of the muzzle in the chin area.
2. Temperament testing in the Kerung Test is much more difficult than in the ZTP and Schutzhund III tests. The main attention is paid to the selection of magnificent specimens that combine courage, strength of character and fighting qualities.
For each tested dog, psychologically and physically stressful situations are created, a successful exit from which can only be determined by natural behavioral reactions, but in no case by formal training.
Temperament testing usually begins with checking the dog's reaction to a shot, then the dog is released to free range and at this time 2 more shots are fired, to which the dog should not react.
The handler and dog must then pass through a group of people moving in different directions. They perform various extraordinary actions: one opens an umbrella, another waves a net with empty bottles, etc.
During the test, the dog should not be nervous or show any uncertainty or fear.
The next stage of character testing is testing the dog's protective qualities. The “criminal” hides behind a fence or somewhere in a shelter, then suddenly attacks the handler (the dog’s owner or trainer). The dog must react and attack the “criminal” without delay, make a firm grip and hold him for the required time.
After the handler calls the dog back, its courage and fighting spirit are tested again as follows: the “criminal” is at a distance of 45 m from the handler with the dog and tries to run, the handler loudly and threateningly orders the runaway to stop. The “criminal” does not obey the order - and then the handler sends a dog after him, giving it the command to detain the “criminal”. When the dog almost overtakes the “criminal,” he turns sharply and heads towards the dog, trying to psychologically suppress its attack with threats, “to scare it,” shouting and swinging a stick or rod. The dog must resist the frontal attack of the “criminal” (who can even strike 2 times with his hand), without weakening his grip, hold the “criminal” until the handler approaches and only release the “sleeve” at his command.
The dog's behavior in this situation will truly reveal its character. The dog must act without delay or the slightest sign of timidity or uncertainty; show how much she can control the situation until the moment when the owner, at the command of the judge, allows her to release the “criminal”. But even then the dog must remain near him in constant readiness to attack again, demonstrating his protective qualities and passion for work.

§ 4. Testing dogs by age group

Baby (6-10 weeks)
Testing of puppies is carried out at the stage of imprinting - rapid imprinting during the period of primary adaptation and socialization, in its exaltation phase, critical in terms of activity of familiarization with the outside world. Puppies can be tested only after the signs of puppy caution and primary fear, which are maximally manifested from the 3rd to the 6th week of life, have completely subsided. Puppies are usually tested at 8-10 weeks of age. Some puppies may temporarily develop a specific fear of humans after 9-10 weeks of life. Therefore, a number of dog trainers prefer to test puppies at 6-8 weeks of age.
Puppies (7-9 months)
The second age group consists of puppies that have reached sexual maturity. Young animals are tested at the age of 7-9 months, since complex changes in the dog’s behavior occur during puberty. This is due to the development of analytical and synthetic functions of the brain, allowing the puppy to more subtly differentiate the effects of complex external stimuli, which complicates and slows down the adaptation process, but as a result makes it more perfect. The intensity of exploratory behavior decreases, giving way at 3-4 months of life to a more discerning and wary attitude towards the world around us, the so-called secondary period of fear. At the same time, the rules of hierarchical relationships and stage order are mastered. By 5-6 months, the dog already manifests itself as an individual: it seeks its place in society and strives to assert itself. She may show increased autonomy and independence, outwardly unmotivated disobedience, obstinacy and even aggressiveness. This is often caused by insufficient adaptation to the new owner, changes in conditions, or expansion of the walking area. This is also facilitated by the further development of somatic and activation of sexual functions. Only with the onset of puberty does the dog’s behavior become more even and predictable. At the end of this period, the foundations of the typological characteristics of the nervous system are laid, and the nature of the defensive reaction begins to manifest itself quite steadily.
Adult dogs (14-16 months)
The third stage is testing of normally physically developed young dogs. After reaching puberty, the physiological development of the body does not stop. According to the main parameters, physiological maturation occurs at 14-16 months. At this stage of development, short-term relapses of fear and cases of insubordination in the form of refusal to carry out previously learned commands or habitual actions may appear. In addition, the dog may try to change the established dominance, especially males after early matings. But at the same stage, devotion to the owner, instincts of protection and protection develop. Psycho-emotional contact and the habit of interacting with a person are established.
In general, this is the period of final formation of the properties of the nervous system, the nature of reactions and the type of external behavior, individual manners and stereotypes of behavioral acts. Therefore, in particular, dogs at least 14 months old are allowed to take the ZTP test. However, to determine innate qualities, dogs that have not been trained in special skills should be tested. The direction of service training, the main methods and techniques of training should be determined by the results of the tests. Good living conditions, adequate feeding, rearing that ensures normal development, and proper upbringing contribute to the realization of the dog’s inherited abilities for service work after appropriate training. Along with correct consideration of physiological patterns, special physical and physiotherapeutic, pharmacophysiological and pharmacological influences make it possible to highly effectively influence the formation of the psyche and physical state of the dog at different stages of development.

The relationship between testing, training and trials in the service dog selection system
Cynological publications and publications contain testing programs for various age groups practiced by individual schools, nurseries, relevant organizations and departments. Testing of service breed puppies under the W. Campbell program has received great recognition in the West. For juniors, you can successfully use the tests proposed by V. Varlakov, or use them when drawing up testing programs. These programs make it possible to determine the main character traits and mental characteristics of the dog’s temperament and behavior. But testing of young dogs prior to special training requires a higher level approach. Such tests should not only show the presence of the necessary natural inclinations, but also reveal the degree of their expression, that is, determine the dog’s capabilities for service use and the direction of its further training. This means that they should be focused on specific training programs for certain types of services. It is preferable, therefore, that testing programs for all age groups be developed in a comprehensive manner, complementing each other and contributing to the gradual achievement of the goal.

for protective guard dogs

1. Contact with the owner
Invite the owner to release the leash and then call the dog. Then ask the owner to give one or two commands and carefully observe the process of giving and executing commands. Please note:
- degree of dog subordination;
- what is this subordination based on;
- who the dog is to the owner;
- who is the owner of the dog.
2. The desire to protect the owner is tested as follows:
Reach out to the owner holding the dog on a short leash or collar.
If the dog does not respond to you, help it with a sharp lunge towards the owner. With this test you can determine whether the dog has an instinctive desire to protect its owner. In this case, always take into account the condition of the dog, the weather and the parameters determined by the first stage of the test.
3. Innate alertness is tested by trying to pet the dog.
The dog’s excessive contact can be explained by “humane upbringing,” which can be eliminated in the future.
If you see servility, servility or derogatory immaturity, manifested in the desire to lick your face or roll over on your back - be careful!
4. This stage is called “unexpected surprise.”
The essence of the experiment comes down to an empty barrel thrown down the stairs. Pay special attention not to the dog’s first reaction, but to its subsequent behavior: it will become interested in the rolling barrel after a moment of confusion, or it will flatly refuse to approach it.
In extreme cases, this check can be reduced to shooting from a distance of 20-25 meters or moving along a plastic film rustling in the wind.
5. Offer the dog a piece of food and apply 3-4 light blows with the protective shield. This way you can once again check the dog's contact and desire to bite (grasp ability).
Each level can be assessed in three ways:
1 – “+”; 2 – “-”; 3 – “+” “-”
The presence of three “+” or just one “-” makes it possible to hope for a good final result.
A weaker combination of positions allows you to guarantee the dog’s readiness with certain reservations, namely: the absence of a security zone, contact until a command to kill or provocation, etc.
According to V.B. Vysotsky, a protection dog must meet the following requirements:
1) be actively aggressive;
2) react warily, but without fear, to any strong sound or light stimuli;
3) the dog’s aggressiveness should “suppress” inhibitory factors;
4) the dog must strive to protect the territory and the owner even without the necessary skill or experience;
5) the dog must react to the “unexpected surprise” with rapid adaptation.

§ 6. Testing by K.F. Duet and D. Duet to assess the protective abilities of dogs

1. The owner stands with the dog, holding it on a 2-meter leash, fastened to a “police” collar (5 centimeters wide).
2. The owner pets and encourages the dog to give it confidence. Meanwhile, the “criminal” hides in cover or in the bushes at a distance of approximately 15 meters. The assistant's retreat gives the dog confidence.
3. At the signal, the “criminal,” using a stick or whip, begins to make sounds that can alert the dog. At the same time, he himself remains in the shelter.
4. As soon as these sounds are heard, the owner stops physical contact with the dog, thereby instilling additional suspicion in it. At the same time, he warily says: “What’s there?” The owner is watching the dog, which should be alert.
5. The “criminal” amplifies the sounds he makes. As soon as the dog becomes alert, he jumps out of the shelter and quickly jumps back. This gives the dog confidence and at the same time arouses curiosity.
6. As soon as the dog becomes alert or shows readiness to attack, it should be praised. You can pet the dog only after the excitement subsides.
7. Now the dog sees the “criminal”, who either hides in a shelter or quickly reappears. Both in the shelter and outside it, he knocks with a stick, hisses, etc.
8. The owner must show enthusiasm and be not only a spectator, but also a participant in what is happening. But at the same time, he should not correct the dog’s behavior. Motivation must also be very limited.
9. The instructor, taking into account how the dog reacts to the “criminal” at a distance, makes a decision: to continue or not.
10. If the test continues, the next step is to begin applying pressure to the dog. Now the “criminal” moves forward and challenges it directly - he creeps up to the dog sideways, makes various movements towards it, but in such a way as not to suppress excessively. His hand is extended forward as if in an attempt to touch the dog or owner.
11. As soon as the dog makes the slightest movement in his direction, the “criminal” quickly withdraws his hand and runs away.
12. The dog wins this round, which increases its defensive activity.
13. The owner praises the dog for a job well done.
14. The instructor, taking into account the dog’s reaction, decides whether it is overexcited and whether it is possible to move on.
15. If it is decided to continue, the “criminal” again approaches the “safety zone”, remaining out of reach of the dog, and begins to tease it. The “criminal” runs away as soon as the dog shows a willingness to defend itself.
16. The owner reinforces this behavior of the dog with energetic and sincere praise.
17. The trainer gives the dog a final assessment and decides whether it is ripe to begin guard training or whether it needs to wait.
The more points a dog has, the more suitable it is to be a protection dog.

§ 7. Testing and determination of temperament according to V.V. Gritsenko

Temperament scale

1-3 – major problems
1 – mental and/or physical retardation. This dog is not trainable. She does not respond to commands, correction or praise.
2 – curable cases. These dogs can be helped with consistent therapy and training.
2-3 – choleric (extremely aggressive, easily excitable and unrestrained). This is a genetic and possibly medical problem. Such a dog has an extremely low stress threshold; it responds to any stressful situation (loud sound, appearance of a stranger) with aggression. Correction can awaken an uncontrollable attack caused by panic. Submissive poses are combined with aggressive ones. This is a classic type of cowardly-aggressive behavior. These dogs bite out of fear. There is almost no eye contact.
This is most likely a genetic problem - the result of poor selective selection. Such dogs cannot remain in one position for a long time, do not follow commands well, hardly make eye contact, and are constantly on the move.
4-6 – balanced dogs that can be trained.
4 – sanguine (with lack of motivation). Such a dog is capable of following commands, but it lacks motivation and desire to do something for the owner. She can work when rewarded with a treat, because... her main motivation is selfishness. This type of dog is cheerful, but lazy and does not require much attention. She doesn't particularly like to play and prefers to keep to herself. Eye contact is minimal (25%).
5 – sanguine people (average motivation). This is an ordinary social dog. She greets you with interest, but she does not have a defensive reaction. She does not have overflowing energy, although she plays with pleasure, but not for long, and quickly switches to something else. A good dog for children. Easily accepts commands, with smooth and stable motivation to work. Eye contact 30-40%.
6 – sanguine (good motivation). Excellent candidate for champion obedience training, drug detection training, search and rescue, etc. She is super social, playful, and greets you with her head held high and her eyes cheerful, sniffing thoroughly. Ready to play endlessly. Works well for everything - treats, toys, praise. But her barking indicates excitement rather than a protective instinct. Eye contact 50%.
7-9 balanced (with a defensive instinct).
7 – balanced (weak protective instinct). Dogs of this type are cheerful, but slightly shy away from people, showing a weakly expressed possessive attitude towards toys, owners and home. The hunting instinct is moderately expressed, so they often demonstrate vocal aggression. But when exposed to physical and psychological pressure, they lose confidence and tend to retreat. They are able to master security training only at the first level. This is a good watchman. Eye contact 60-70%.
8 - balanced (normal protective instinct). These are dogs of the dominant type, but willingly obey experienced owners. They have a good hunting instinct and easily pass all 3 levels of security training with attack and detention. They are good for protecting shops, families, and personal protection. By nature, they are wary of people, but are not too aggressive towards them; on command they will readily rush to defense. Always ready to go. Eye contact 60-70%.
9 - balanced (strong protective instinct). This is an extremely dominant dog, oriented towards life in a pack. Constantly strives to prove her leadership, but will obey an owner with a strong character who can win her respect. The protective instinct is highly developed, which prevents it from working among people, but it is an excellent patrol or guard dog. She is very distrustful and does not allow strangers near her. Looks straight into the eyes, eye contact 80-90%.
10 – difficult to train: “alphas” (extremely aggressive).
This type of dog is usually called an “alpha” leader. She would rather die than submit to anyone. She also requires an owner with the character of an “alpha” leader. She will bite her own owner and is antisocial. This dog will make a good guard dog. The eyes are frozen, cold, looking straight into the eyes, the appearance is threatening. Eye contact 90-100%.

Testing

Temperament testing is a process of assessing and studying a dog, during which you notice its reaction to the environment, a stressful situation, and other tests. The assessment is made both for individual parameters and for all of them together.
Purpose of the assessment
It is important to know your dog's temperament for two reasons. Firstly, to ensure its suitability for a particular type of work. Secondly, different dogs require different training methods, therefore, having information about the temperament, you can train it correctly, and through targeted training, get the best result.
Dog assessment
You should pay attention to how the dog reacts to your approach. Start with the simplest command “Sit!” and notice the dog’s reaction:
1. Doesn't notice you. Does not detect any reaction, immune to strangers.
2. Cowardly. Rolls his eyes, shows signs of a cowardly-aggressive reaction.
3. Extremely excitable. Focuses on everything and nothing.
4. Conflicting reaction. Barks at you, but is not interested.
5. Cheerful. Not too excited, confident, tail wagging.
6. Will work with pleasure. Active, receptive, will sniff you.
7. Confident. Good eye contact, tail not down, good-natured.
8. Confident, but aloof. He works willingly, but cautiously.
9. Confident. Good defensive reaction, but works willingly.
10. Shows uncontrollable aggression. Full eye contact, ready to attack at the slightest provocation.
The easiest way to recognize a dog's temperament is by eye contact (point-blank). The more she makes eye contact, the easier it is to train (with the exception of dogs that tend to “look at each other”). A good indicator of temperament is body language.
Checking the dog
It is necessary to know how the dog reacts to encouragement and correction, as well as how quickly it grasps commands, whether it is afraid of unexpected sounds, hands or feet, and whether it will be distracted during exercise. The dog's stress threshold should be assessed.
Fear of sharp sounds
Take a magazine and slap it on your leg. If the dog jumps away, lifts its head, or closes its eyes, ask the owner if it has been punished with a magazine or newspaper.
Pain in arms or legs
Lower your hand sharply over the dog's head as if you are about to hit him. Did she flinch? Did you cover your eyes? Did you jump away? If she bent down to the ground, it meant she was beaten.
Move your foot sharply towards the dog, but do not hit. Are you scared? Did you jump away? Did you recoil? If she moved her croup to the side and jumped away, it means she was kicked.
Sensitivity to touch
Depending on the dog's level of fearfulness, tested in previous tests, sensitivity to touch must be determined. If your dog seems overly sensitive, pinch the skin between your fingers. If she has a high pain threshold, grab her by the withers and lift her up.
Awareness of the surroundings
A good guard dog must be curious. Take a squeaky toy, put it behind your back and squeeze it several times. The reaction is considered good if the dog tries to find the source of the sound. Move the toy, the dog should follow it.
After the dog has relaxed, ask someone he hasn't seen to hide and repeat the trick with the toy. A promising protection dog should immediately become interested in the sound.
Eye contact
The more openly a dog looks into the eyes, the higher the category of its temperament.
When you look a dog in the eyes, you need to evaluate the percentage of contact, posture and body movement, as well as whether his gaze is soft and good-natured or hard and angry.
Test for suitability for protective work

Three qualities are tested: defense against attack, hunting instinct (desire to pursue) and stress threshold. The dog is kept on a leash by the owner.
Defense against attack
The dog's aggressiveness towards the attacker is checked.
1. Did you notice him from afar and became wary?
2. Warns by barking so that he doesn’t come near?
3. When the attacker gets close, does he continue to be aggressive?
4. Will he willingly bite his assistant when he begins to put pressure on him?
Hunting instinct
The dog's attitude towards pursuit is checked.
1. Will he chase the ball?
2. Will he chase a toy that is being dragged along the ground?
3. Will it take away the “prey”?
4. Will he guard her?
Sharp sounds and fear of touch
What reactions does your dog exhibit when you do the following:
1. Fire a pistol from a distance.
2. Rattle a metal object near the dog.
3. Pull back the skin on your dog's side or back.
4. Wave your hand or stick over your dog's head.
The dog should not be cowardly or overly angry.
Points and “professional suitability” of the dog
6 – Alarm only. Does not have sufficient defensive behavior for defensive duty.
7-7.5 – Dual-purpose dog: work as a watchman, in a store, etc.
The main function is to warn and scare away potential criminals, the second is to serve as an “alarm system”.
8-8.5 – VIP bodyguards, retail security service, etc.
9-9.5 – patrol service. The main function is to protect the person and assist in active apprehension.
9.5-10 – property protection: guard dog on free guard.
Their task is to prevent people from entering the protected area.

Chapter 3. To what extent does the assessment reflect reality?

The behavior of a dog mainly depends on the typological properties of its higher nervous activity. School of Physiology of Nervous Activity I.P. Pavlova established four main types of higher nervous activity. Taking into account the strength, balance and mobility of nervous processes, 120 varieties have now been scientifically identified in the typology of higher nervous activity. Modern research describes new properties of the nervous system, such as lability and dynamism of nervous processes. Determining the type of nervous activity in itself is a complex task that can only be solved by laboratory research. For research according to the Large Test Standard I.P. Pavlova requires about two years. Accelerated methodology according to the Small Test Standard, developed by Pavlov’s student V.A. Troshikhin, requires at least six months. Historically, the most ancient and convenient in practical activities, especially with a large number of livestock, is the zootechnical approach. It proceeds from the concept of the “constitution” of an animal, which was developed over centuries of practice and, in the light of modern scientific knowledge, has developed into ideas about a system of constitutional types. It is based on the classification proposed by the outstanding Russian animal scientist Professor P.N. Kuleshov. His works are developed and supplemented by the works of Professor E.A. Bogdanov and academician M.F. Ivanova. Supported by the doctrine of the physiology of higher nervous activity, they form the basis of modern science about constitutional types.
The constitutional type represents a set of anatomical and physiological features of the structure and functioning of the body, formed on a hereditary basis under the influence of environmental conditions, genetically related to the properties of the nervous system and expressed in the manifestation of the natural properties, productivity and service qualities of the dog. In dog breeding, there are five main types of constitution, characterized by types of behavior, conformation and suitability for use. In practice, the type of constitution is determined by exterior characteristics, a number of interior indicators and the animal’s behavioral temperament. This approach always gives positive results in mass selection, but is not always effective in individual cases. The phenotype of an animal only under favorable conditions for the development of the properties of the organism and certain combinations of the influence of polygenic complexes on them quite fully reflects the corresponding genotype. In addition, in addition to the main types of constitution, taking into account two series of variability of characteristics, another 16 transitional constitutional types are distinguished, which are also considered as model ones. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately determine the type of constitution, and based on several signs, even well expressed ones, it is simply impossible. Proximity to the type of constitution cannot yet be considered a fact that the dog has the appropriate type of higher nervous activity and the necessary inclinations for an official purpose.
The famous Soviet dog handler A.P. Orlov believed that “the existing system of testing dogs to identify the type of higher nervous activity (the reaction of dogs to shots, strangers, etc.), as well as competitions in various types of official use, do not fully reveal the behavioral characteristics of dogs, especially hereditarily transmitted ones, and require scientific justified, deeper and more detailed development." “Today the question has arisen about the development, in addition to the absolutely necessary and valuable current rules for testing dogs, of systems of unique “tests”, according to which, on a scientific basis, using a method practically feasible in the conditions of clubs, the basic, innate properties important for breeding work (natural inclinations) should be determined ) dogs" - wrote E.I. Shereshevsky. They came to such conclusions at the turn of the 80s, but already at the end of their professional activities.
Western experts recognize that the ZTP test, developed in Germany and the most widespread in Europe - a test for suitability for breeding - does not fully reflect the innate, genetically inherited service capabilities of a dog, since it includes elements of positive emotional coloring and learning in the dog’s behavior, determined to a large extent the art of training. At the same time, one cannot diminish the importance of examination and assessment of the performance qualities of trained dogs, which also demonstrate the professionalism of the trainers and the correctness of the methods used. Tests under any programs for official use obviously require special training and training of the dog. On the contrary, they should now become an indicator of the quality of testing and the effectiveness of the entire selection system. On the other hand, skeptical dog breeders believe that assessing test results is very subjective. They are convinced that it is hardly possible to reliably predict the final result, since it is impossible to take into account all the factors that influence development processes, the nature of which is richer and more complex than our ideas about them. It is impossible not to take into account the fact that every dog ​​breeder has his own subjective idea of ​​the qualities of a service dog. Therefore, to obtain more reliable examination results, especially in matters of quality, experts strive to use existing methods of objective assessment.
Special psychological tests, carried out taking into account the age periods of development of the neuropsychic characteristics of a dog’s behavior, should be precisely such objective methods. The American trainer Ts. Plaffenberger developed the basic principles and was the first to use testing in the selection of puppies for training guide dogs for the blind. To select puppies intended for protective and guard service, these tests were reworked by the German dog handler F. Ganz. In domestic practice in the 70s, the method developed by Yu.N. was used. Pilytsikov’s method of quantitative and qualitative assessment of the manifestation of aggression towards humans in service breed dogs, the basis for which was the research of Professor L.V. Krushinsky.
Currently, testing issues are not yet sufficiently covered, but in recent years they have been increasingly discussed in canine literature, for example, by animal psychologist V.V. Gritsenko. The growing interest in tests is caused by accumulated information about the stages of dog development and the formation of its behavior over more than half a century of research in the field of ethology, zoopsychology and neurophysiology. As the results show, the effectiveness of the tests is quite high. According to experts, after passing the tests, the desired level of training is achieved in 80-90% of selected dogs, compared to 10-20% with random recruitment, and even selection based on the qualities of the parents, the manifestation of individual behavioral reactions, or the behavior of the dog in an extreme situation.